Dexamethasone
Dexamethasone is a synthetic glucocorticoid drug used clinically for its anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and antineoplastic effects.
Dexamethasone is a synthetic glucocorticoid drug used clinically for its anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and antineoplastic effects. Structurally derived from cortisol, it binds the glucocorticoid receptor with high affinity, driving receptor translocation to the nucleus and altering transcription of genes governing inflammation, immune activation, and metabolism. Its anti-inflammatory potency substantially exceeds that of hydrocortisone, and its long biological half-life and negligible mineralocorticoid activity make it the corticosteroid of choice where sustained glucocorticoid effect without sodium retention is desired. Downstream, dexamethasone suppresses production of proinflammatory cytokines such as Interleukin-6 (IL-6), inhibits NF-κB-driven transcription, and modulates oxidative stress responses in which reactive oxygen species and the Nrf2 antioxidant axis are central — the same axis targeted by anti-inflammatory agents such as luteolin in models of ocular injury.
In practice, dexamethasone is a backbone agent in hematologic oncology, where it is combined with proteasome inhibitors such as bortezomib and carfilzomib, immunomodulatory drugs such as lenalidomide, cereblon E3 ligase modulators, and cytotoxics including cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin in regimens for multiple myeloma and related plasma cell disorders. It is also standard supportive care: premedication before taxane chemotherapy to prevent hypersensitivity reactions, antiemetic and antiedema therapy in neuro-oncology, and topical or intraocular therapy — often as dexamethasone sodium phosphate or sustained-release implants — for ocular inflammation in both human and veterinary surgery. Because systemic corticosteroid exposure carries dose-dependent harms, including perioperative hyperglycaemia, immune suppression, and skeletal muscle atrophy through FOXO-mediated induction of atrogin-1 and MuRF-1, much current work focuses on dose minimization and on localized delivery through hydrogels, polymeric nanoparticles, and microneedle systems. Its well-characterized potency also makes it the conventional reference comparator against which new anti-inflammatory agents and delivery platforms are benchmarked.
Where the papers sit
44 papers from the last 6 months study dexamethasone directly · updated from PubMed 10 Oct 2026
Study type 8 clinical trials · 6 observational · 4 human data · 20 preclinical · 6 unclassified
Themes 4 themes · 1 new direction
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Anti-Inflammatory Drug Delivery
Anti-inflammatory drug delivery is moving toward sustained, localized and stimulus-responsive release from nanoparticles, hydrogels, microneedles and implants. Dexamethasone is repeatedly paired with siTNF-α or other agents to combine cytokine suppression with tissue repair. pH, ROS, enzyme and MMP responsiveness aim to improve retention and limit systemic exposure across psoriasis, osteoarthritis, ocular, cochlear and implant-associated inflammation. Macrophage polarization, IL-6 suppression and regenerative outcomes are recurring endpoints.
18 papers · 40.9%
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Daratumumab-Based Myeloma Therapy
Daratumumab-based combinations are moving frontline myeloma therapy beyond bortezomib, lenalidomide and dexamethasone toward deeper responses and minimal residual disease negativity. Quadruplets and intensified regimens are being tested in transplant-eligible, transplant-ineligible and high-risk disease. Relapsed studies add pomalidomide, selinexor, ixazomib, carfilzomib or mezigdomide, including renal impairment and prior immunotherapy exposure. Infection risk, renal recovery and progression-free survival remain key trade-offs.
12 papers · 27.3%
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Others — Clinical Corticosteroid Use
Clinical corticosteroid use spans perioperative glycaemic control, ophthalmic inflammation, cancer treatment, fibrosis and muscle injury. Dexamethasone-related hyperglycaemia recurs in surgical and diabetic care, while reduced premedication is being tested with paclitaxel. Ocular studies compare implants and escalation strategies for uveitis and macular oedema. The group has no single therapeutic direction, with outcomes varying by indication.
12 papers · 27.3%
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Others — Steroid Pharmacology and Quality
Steroid pharmacology and quality control appear in two separate directions. One line examines Histamine H2 receptor and Glucocorticoid receptor cross-talk as a possible treatment vulnerability in acute myeloid leukemia. The other focuses on analytical stability and method validation for dexamethasone and PVP-I ophthalmic suspensions. No shared biological or clinical trajectory connects these topics, and the cluster offers no unified treatment direction.
2 papers · 4.5%
In acute myeloid leukemia, dexamethasone can act as a dose-dependent promoter of leukemic proliferation and chemotherapy resistance rather than solely as a suppressive treatment component
The acute myeloid leukemia study found that, although high-dose dexamethasone reduced leukemic-cell proliferation, low concentrations increased proliferation; activation of the histamine H2 receptor with amthamine abolished this effect and, together with dexamethasone, restored cytarabine sensitivity 42736631Sep. This assigns dexamethasone a role not represented elsewhere in the set: a context-dependent driver of leukemic growth and treatment resistance whose adverse effect can be pharmacologically redirected, rather than simply an anti-inflammatory or cytotoxic adjunct.
Papers
The 44 papers from the last 6 months that study dexamethasone directly, newest first, by theme and by study type. Study types come from PubMed publication types and MeSH headings.
By theme
Anti-Inflammatory Drug Delivery (18)
- H3K27M drives OPC stemness and intrathecal therapeutic vulnerability in brainstem glioma organoids. Cell stem cell · 16 Sept 2026 PMID 42748922
- Dissolving Microneedles Loaded with Lipid Nanoparticles for Co-Delivery of siTNF-α and Dexamethasone as a Dual-Action Therapy for Psoriasis. ACS applied materials & interfaces · 14 Sept 2026 PMID 42735507
- Poly(l-glutamic Acid)-Based Microgels with Long-Term Synergistic Lubrication and MMP-Responsive Anti-Inflammatory Delivery for Osteoarthritis Therapy. Biomacromolecules · 14 Sept 2026 PMID 42734288
- A late-stage multi-dimensional intervention rescues lethal viral pneumonia in an aged hamster model. Molecular biomedicine · 2 Sept 2026 PMID 42684552
- Effects of photobiomodulation, alone or combined with dexamethasone, on cellular metabolic activity and inflammatory markers in LPS/IFN-γ-stimulated J774 macrophages. Lasers in medical science · 2 Aug 2026 PMID 42543442
- Reverse-Engineered Lipid Nanoparticles Harness Protein Corona Formation for Cytokine Sequestration and Combination Immunomodulatory Therapy. Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 29 Jul 2026 PMID 42522898
- pH/ROS dual-responsive injectable hydrogel based on an oxidized hyaluronic acid/carboxymethyl chitosan-phenylboronic acid dynamic network for rheumatoid arthritis therapy. International journal of biological macromolecules · 24 Jul 2026 PMID 42498194
- Dual-functionalized GelFuMA hydrogel with sequential crosslinking for tunable mechanics and controlled drug release. Biomaterials science · 8 Jul 2026 PMID 42417823
- Harnessing Hydrogel Interaction with Functional Polymeric Nanoparticles for Sustained Co-Delivery of Therapeutics. ACS biomaterials science & engineering · 16 Jun 2026 PMID 42301751
- Coordination-driven self-assembly of antioxidative and anti-inflammatory cerium-luteolin nanoparticles for effective treatment of ocular alkali burns. Journal of materials chemistry. B · 16 Jun 2026 PMID 42301120
- Study on transdermal delivery system of sulforaphane chitosan nanoparticles based on methacryloylated chitosan microneedles: application in the treatment of irritant contact dermatitis. International journal of pharmaceutics · 14 Jun 2026 PMID 42289208
- Salivary Enzyme-Responsive Switching Nanoparticles Overcoming Diffusion and Absorption Barriers for Transmucosal Delivery. ACS applied materials & interfaces · 3 Jun 2026 PMID 42233472
- Engineered microparticle morphology for enhanced intestinal retention in oral drug delivery. Acta biomaterialia · 30 May 2026 PMID 42217660
- Attenuation of LPS-induced inflammatory responses in J774A.1 macrophages by phenylpropanoids and ursane triterpenes from Lavandula coronopifolia Poir. Scientific reports · 24 May 2026 PMID 42178365
- Screening macrophage polarization genes in spinal cord injury as therapeutic targets. PloS one · 4 May 2026 PMID 42081466
- Intracochlear PLGA implants for simultaneous controlled release of multiple drugs. Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 3 May 2026 PMID 42070660
- pH-responsive dual-drug-loaded bovine serum albumin nanoparticles for targeted cancer therapy. International journal of biological macromolecules · 3 May 2026 PMID 42070610
- Dexamethasone-loaded nanoparticles promote angiogenesis and pro-regenerative macrophages polarization in the presence of titanium debris: a rabbit critical defect model. Journal of dentistry · 20 Apr 2026 PMID 42009190
Daratumumab-Based Myeloma Therapy (12)
- Renal rescue in myeloma: How deep does the hematologic response need to be? Med (New York, N.Y.) · 9 Oct 2026 PMID 42854676
- Pomalidomide plus bortezomib and dexamethasone for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma with renal impairment: Randomized phase II study (POM-MM-003). Med (New York, N.Y.) · 9 Sept 2026 PMID 42716009
- Interim analysis in clinical trials: caution against premature conclusions-the SWOG multiple myeloma S0777 case study. Trials · 28 Aug 2026 PMID 42661196
- Selinexor combined bortezomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma with high-risk factors: a single-arm, multi-center, prospective observational clinical study. Annals of medicine · 3 Aug 2026 PMID 42544613
- Effectiveness of daratumumab plus bortezomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone (DVRd) versus VRd for transplant-eligible newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Future oncology (London, England) · 14 Jul 2026 PMID 42444515
- Circulating M-MDSC Expansion During Therapy Associates With Treatment Response in Multiple Myeloma: A Longitudinal Observational Study. Clinical and translational science · 30 Jun 2026 PMID 42374568
- Ixazomib, Cyclophosphamide, and Dexamethasone (ICd), With or Without Daratumumab in Relapsed Multiple Myeloma. Clinical lymphoma, myeloma & leukemia · 18 Jun 2026 PMID 42315418
- Mezigdomide, carfilzomib, and dexamethasone versus carfilzomib and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (SUCCESSOR-2): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet (London, England) · 14 Jun 2026 PMID 42289183
- Daratumumab in transplant-ineligible or -deferred newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: minimal residual disease in CEPHEUS. Blood advances · 3 Jun 2026 PMID 42234958
- The safety profile of lenalidomide, dexamethasone, daratumumab, and bortezomib combinations in multiple myeloma: a retrospective analysis of the FAERS database. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 22 May 2026 PMID 42171749
- Daratumumab-bortezomib-cyclophosphamide-dexamethasone for newly diagnosed amyloidosis: ANDROMEDA final survival analysis. Blood · 12 May 2026 PMID 42118698
- Infections in patients receiving daratumumab for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a pooled analysis of MAIA and ALCYONE. Blood advances · 5 May 2026 PMID 42085642
Others — Clinical Corticosteroid Use (12)
- Real-world management of chronic pseudophakic cystoid macular oedema: a descriptive case series of treatment timelines and escalation patterns. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 25 Aug 2026 PMID 42640292
- Efficacy of Corticosteroid Therapy on Neurological Outcomes in Near-Hanging Patients With Altered Sensorium: Protocol for a Multicenter, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Trial (CHANGING Trial). JMIR research protocols · 25 Aug 2026 PMID 42640135
- Steroid-loaded Avidin-Nucleic-Acid-Nano-Assemblies reduce hepatic fibrosis modulating Kupffer cells in primary biliary cholangitis. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 22 Jul 2026 PMID 42486017
- Variation and knowledge translation gaps in day-of-surgery glycaemic management by anaesthesiologists: a qualitative exploration of a quality gap in Canadian hospitals. BMJ open · 15 Jul 2026 PMID 42457420
- Reduced-dose dexamethasone premedication for weekly paclitaxel: a retrospective cohort study of early hypersensitivity reactions and steroid-related toxicity. Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 29 Jun 2026 PMID 42371187
- The effect of intraoperative dexamethasone on glycaemic responses in people with diabetes mellitus: a preplanned analysis of the Perioperative ADministration of Dexamethasone and Infection trial. British journal of anaesthesia · 16 Jun 2026 PMID 42303515
- Bacterial Communities Identified by Standard Culture and 16S rRNA Amplicon Sequencing in Ophthalmic Preservative-Free Dexamethasone SP Used in Canine Cataract Surgery. Veterinary ophthalmology · 15 Jun 2026 PMID 42290185
- Real-World Outcomes of Melflufen Plus Dexamethasone in Heavily Pretreated Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma After Exposure to Immunotherapies. Clinical lymphoma, myeloma & leukemia · 10 Jun 2026 PMID 42270486
- Fluocinolone Acetonide Versus Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implants for Non-Infectious Posterior-Segment Uveitis: 12-Month Real-World Outcomes. Ocular immunology and inflammation · 26 May 2026 PMID 42188201
- Reliability of the Overnight Dexamethasone Suppression Test in Patients Undergoing Bariatric Surgery. Obesity surgery · 23 May 2026 PMID 42176158
- Injectable glycol chitosan-dexamethasone prodrug thermogel for otoprotective therapy against radiation-induced middle ear injury. Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 14 May 2026 PMID 42134601
- Limosilactobacillus fermentum ANC4 (KCTC 15072BP) Mitigates Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy and Improves Overall Skeletal Muscle Function. Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 28 Apr 2026 PMID 42049697
Others — Steroid Pharmacology and Quality (2)
- Cross-Talk Between Histamine H2 Receptor and Glucocorticoid Receptor: Potential Implications in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Treatment. Pharmacology research & perspectives · 15 Sept 2026 PMID 42736631
- Evaluation of Method "Whiteness" in the Stability Analysis of Dexamethasone and PVP-I Ophthalmic Suspensions: Synergizing LC-MS/MS, In Silico Toxicology, and AGREE/GAPI Metrics. Biomedical chromatography : BMC · 17 Aug 2026 PMID 42608054
By study type
Clinical trials (8)
- Pomalidomide plus bortezomib and dexamethasone for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma with renal impairment: Randomized phase II study (POM-MM-003). Med (New York, N.Y.) · 9 Sept 2026 PMID 42716009
- Interim analysis in clinical trials: caution against premature conclusions-the SWOG multiple myeloma S0777 case study. Trials · 28 Aug 2026 PMID 42661196
- Efficacy of Corticosteroid Therapy on Neurological Outcomes in Near-Hanging Patients With Altered Sensorium: Protocol for a Multicenter, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Trial (CHANGING Trial). JMIR research protocols · 25 Aug 2026 PMID 42640135
- Ixazomib, Cyclophosphamide, and Dexamethasone (ICd), With or Without Daratumumab in Relapsed Multiple Myeloma. Clinical lymphoma, myeloma & leukemia · 18 Jun 2026 PMID 42315418
- The effect of intraoperative dexamethasone on glycaemic responses in people with diabetes mellitus: a preplanned analysis of the Perioperative ADministration of Dexamethasone and Infection trial. British journal of anaesthesia · 16 Jun 2026 PMID 42303515
- Mezigdomide, carfilzomib, and dexamethasone versus carfilzomib and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (SUCCESSOR-2): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet (London, England) · 14 Jun 2026 PMID 42289183
- Daratumumab in transplant-ineligible or -deferred newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: minimal residual disease in CEPHEUS. Blood advances · 3 Jun 2026 PMID 42234958
- Daratumumab-bortezomib-cyclophosphamide-dexamethasone for newly diagnosed amyloidosis: ANDROMEDA final survival analysis. Blood · 12 May 2026 PMID 42118698
Observational studies and case reports (6)
- Selinexor combined bortezomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma with high-risk factors: a single-arm, multi-center, prospective observational clinical study. Annals of medicine · 3 Aug 2026 PMID 42544613
- Effectiveness of daratumumab plus bortezomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone (DVRd) versus VRd for transplant-eligible newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Future oncology (London, England) · 14 Jul 2026 PMID 42444515
- Circulating M-MDSC Expansion During Therapy Associates With Treatment Response in Multiple Myeloma: A Longitudinal Observational Study. Clinical and translational science · 30 Jun 2026 PMID 42374568
- Reduced-dose dexamethasone premedication for weekly paclitaxel: a retrospective cohort study of early hypersensitivity reactions and steroid-related toxicity. Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 29 Jun 2026 PMID 42371187
- Real-World Outcomes of Melflufen Plus Dexamethasone in Heavily Pretreated Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma After Exposure to Immunotherapies. Clinical lymphoma, myeloma & leukemia · 10 Jun 2026 PMID 42270486
- Reliability of the Overnight Dexamethasone Suppression Test in Patients Undergoing Bariatric Surgery. Obesity surgery · 23 May 2026 PMID 42176158
Human data, design not indexed (4)
- Renal rescue in myeloma: How deep does the hematologic response need to be? Med (New York, N.Y.) · 9 Oct 2026 PMID 42854676
- Evaluation of Method "Whiteness" in the Stability Analysis of Dexamethasone and PVP-I Ophthalmic Suspensions: Synergizing LC-MS/MS, In Silico Toxicology, and AGREE/GAPI Metrics. Biomedical chromatography : BMC · 17 Aug 2026 PMID 42608054
- Variation and knowledge translation gaps in day-of-surgery glycaemic management by anaesthesiologists: a qualitative exploration of a quality gap in Canadian hospitals. BMJ open · 15 Jul 2026 PMID 42457420
- Infections in patients receiving daratumumab for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a pooled analysis of MAIA and ALCYONE. Blood advances · 5 May 2026 PMID 42085642
Preclinical: animal, cell and lab studies (20)
- Cross-Talk Between Histamine H2 Receptor and Glucocorticoid Receptor: Potential Implications in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Treatment. Pharmacology research & perspectives · 15 Sept 2026 PMID 42736631
- Poly(l-glutamic Acid)-Based Microgels with Long-Term Synergistic Lubrication and MMP-Responsive Anti-Inflammatory Delivery for Osteoarthritis Therapy. Biomacromolecules · 14 Sept 2026 PMID 42734288
- A late-stage multi-dimensional intervention rescues lethal viral pneumonia in an aged hamster model. Molecular biomedicine · 2 Sept 2026 PMID 42684552
- Effects of photobiomodulation, alone or combined with dexamethasone, on cellular metabolic activity and inflammatory markers in LPS/IFN-γ-stimulated J774 macrophages. Lasers in medical science · 2 Aug 2026 PMID 42543442
- pH/ROS dual-responsive injectable hydrogel based on an oxidized hyaluronic acid/carboxymethyl chitosan-phenylboronic acid dynamic network for rheumatoid arthritis therapy. International journal of biological macromolecules · 24 Jul 2026 PMID 42498194
- Steroid-loaded Avidin-Nucleic-Acid-Nano-Assemblies reduce hepatic fibrosis modulating Kupffer cells in primary biliary cholangitis. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 22 Jul 2026 PMID 42486017
- Dual-functionalized GelFuMA hydrogel with sequential crosslinking for tunable mechanics and controlled drug release. Biomaterials science · 8 Jul 2026 PMID 42417823
- Harnessing Hydrogel Interaction with Functional Polymeric Nanoparticles for Sustained Co-Delivery of Therapeutics. ACS biomaterials science & engineering · 16 Jun 2026 PMID 42301751
- Coordination-driven self-assembly of antioxidative and anti-inflammatory cerium-luteolin nanoparticles for effective treatment of ocular alkali burns. Journal of materials chemistry. B · 16 Jun 2026 PMID 42301120
- Bacterial Communities Identified by Standard Culture and 16S rRNA Amplicon Sequencing in Ophthalmic Preservative-Free Dexamethasone SP Used in Canine Cataract Surgery. Veterinary ophthalmology · 15 Jun 2026 PMID 42290185
- Study on transdermal delivery system of sulforaphane chitosan nanoparticles based on methacryloylated chitosan microneedles: application in the treatment of irritant contact dermatitis. International journal of pharmaceutics · 14 Jun 2026 PMID 42289208
- Salivary Enzyme-Responsive Switching Nanoparticles Overcoming Diffusion and Absorption Barriers for Transmucosal Delivery. ACS applied materials & interfaces · 3 Jun 2026 PMID 42233472
- Engineered microparticle morphology for enhanced intestinal retention in oral drug delivery. Acta biomaterialia · 30 May 2026 PMID 42217660
- Attenuation of LPS-induced inflammatory responses in J774A.1 macrophages by phenylpropanoids and ursane triterpenes from Lavandula coronopifolia Poir. Scientific reports · 24 May 2026 PMID 42178365
- Injectable glycol chitosan-dexamethasone prodrug thermogel for otoprotective therapy against radiation-induced middle ear injury. Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 14 May 2026 PMID 42134601
- Screening macrophage polarization genes in spinal cord injury as therapeutic targets. PloS one · 4 May 2026 PMID 42081466
- Intracochlear PLGA implants for simultaneous controlled release of multiple drugs. Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 3 May 2026 PMID 42070660
- pH-responsive dual-drug-loaded bovine serum albumin nanoparticles for targeted cancer therapy. International journal of biological macromolecules · 3 May 2026 PMID 42070610
- Limosilactobacillus fermentum ANC4 (KCTC 15072BP) Mitigates Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy and Improves Overall Skeletal Muscle Function. Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 28 Apr 2026 PMID 42049697
- Dexamethasone-loaded nanoparticles promote angiogenesis and pro-regenerative macrophages polarization in the presence of titanium debris: a rabbit critical defect model. Journal of dentistry · 20 Apr 2026 PMID 42009190
Unclassified: not yet indexed with MeSH (6)
- H3K27M drives OPC stemness and intrathecal therapeutic vulnerability in brainstem glioma organoids. Cell stem cell · 16 Sept 2026 PMID 42748922
- Dissolving Microneedles Loaded with Lipid Nanoparticles for Co-Delivery of siTNF-α and Dexamethasone as a Dual-Action Therapy for Psoriasis. ACS applied materials & interfaces · 14 Sept 2026 PMID 42735507
- Real-world management of chronic pseudophakic cystoid macular oedema: a descriptive case series of treatment timelines and escalation patterns. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 25 Aug 2026 PMID 42640292
- Reverse-Engineered Lipid Nanoparticles Harness Protein Corona Formation for Cytokine Sequestration and Combination Immunomodulatory Therapy. Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 29 Jul 2026 PMID 42522898
- Fluocinolone Acetonide Versus Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implants for Non-Infectious Posterior-Segment Uveitis: 12-Month Real-World Outcomes. Ocular immunology and inflammation · 26 May 2026 PMID 42188201
- The safety profile of lenalidomide, dexamethasone, daratumumab, and bortezomib combinations in multiple myeloma: a retrospective analysis of the FAERS database. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 22 May 2026 PMID 42171749
Written from 44 PubMed abstracts, each one listed by PMID above. Published: 2026-06-13. Last written: 2026-09-18 by GPT. Reviewed by a human editor on 2026-07-23. Drafted by language models from published abstracts; not medical advice.