CD44
CD44 is a multifunctional transmembrane glycoprotein and cell surface receptor broadly expressed across mammalian tissues, where it plays central roles in cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and survival.
CD44 is a multifunctional transmembrane glycoprotein and cell surface receptor broadly expressed across mammalian tissues, where it plays central roles in cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and survival. It functions primarily as a receptor for hyaluronic acid (hyaluronan), a major component of the extracellular matrix, as well as for other ligands including osteopontin, collagens, and matrix metalloproteinases. Through these interactions, CD44 mediates intracellular signaling cascades — notably the Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Protein kinase B (PKB) and JAK2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathways — that govern fundamental cellular processes including epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), stem cell maintenance, and immune modulation. CD44 exists in multiple isoforms generated by alternative splicing of up to 10 variant exons, allowing context-dependent expression across cell types and disease states.
In oncology, CD44 is widely recognized as a cancer stem cell (CSC) marker, often co-expressed with other stemness-associated proteins such as Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM). Its overexpression has been documented across a broad spectrum of malignancies — including liver cancer, colorectal cancer, bladder cancer, breast cancer, and prostate cancer, among others — where it is associated with tumor aggressiveness, therapy resistance, and metastatic potential. Because of its frequent surface overexpression on tumor cells and immunological relevance, CD44 has also emerged as a high-value target for receptor-mediated drug delivery systems, particularly those utilizing hyaluronic acid as a targeting ligand.
Where the papers sit
16 papers from the last 6 months study CD44 directly · updated from PubMed 12 Oct 2026
Study type 0 clinical trials · 2 human data · 13 preclinical · 1 unclassified
Themes 3 themes · 1 paradigm shift
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Hyaluronic Acid Nanotherapy
Hyaluronic acid functionalization is being used to direct nanoparticles toward CD44-rich tumors and inflamed tissues. Charge reversal, glutathione responsiveness and dual stimuli are paired with doxorubicin, podophyllotoxin, paclitaxel, melittin or celecoxib to improve uptake and cytotoxicity. Ferroptosis and immune or macrophage modulation broaden the payload strategy beyond chemotherapy. Evidence remains largely preclinical across cancer, COPD, psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis.
9 papers · 56.2%
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CD44 in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Triple-negative breast cancer work is linking CD44 to cancer stemness, inflammatory signaling and metabolic vulnerability. Adapalene is evaluated as a CD44-inhibiting agent, while KYNU blockade suppresses the tryptophan–kynurenine pathway and TNF-α/NFκB–CD44–Akt signaling. Plasma exosome profiling adds a route to characterize breast-cancer subtypes noninvasively. Whether CD44 inhibition can improve durable responses beyond biomarker and pathway effects remains open.
3 papers · 18.8%
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Others — Immune and Fibrotic Disease
Gut metabolites, macrophage signaling, cirrhosis immunity and pulmonary fibrosis appear alongside spatial CRISPR genomics. CCL5-mediated hepatocyte–CD44+pDC crosstalk and CHI3L1/PD-1 bispecific targeting point to immune regulation as recurring biology. Primary biliary cholangitis and cirrhosis studies emphasize chemokines and candidate targets, but the cluster has no single disease or therapeutic direction.
4 papers · 25%
CD44 is an active organizer of immune and stromal crosstalk, not merely a cancer-cell marker or delivery receptor
The pulmonary-fibrosis study of CHI3L1-driven macrophage–myofibroblast crosstalk found that CD44 participates in a CD44/PD-L1 axis that mediates profibrotic signaling, while the tumor-metastasis study using SPAC-seq found that CD44 in CD8+ T cells regulates spatial phenotypes through interaction with Spp1 on macrophages 42048160Apr 42190664May. Together, these independent systems replace the set’s prevailing use of CD44 chiefly as a cancer stem-cell marker or a molecular address for hyaluronic-acid delivery with a role as an active regulator of intercellular immune and stromal communication. The consequence is that CD44 becomes a mechanistic node linking distinct cell populations and disease processes, rather than simply a feature to measure or exploit for targeting.
Papers
The 16 papers from the last 6 months that study CD44 directly, newest first, by theme and by study type. Study types come from PubMed publication types and MeSH headings.
By theme
Hyaluronic Acid Nanotherapy (9)
- CD44-Targeted Delivery of Melittin and Celecoxib via Hyaluronic Acid-Coated Polymersomes for Synergistic Anti-Inflammatory Therapy. ChemMedChem · 23 Jul 2026 PMID 42493250
- CD44-targeted hyaluronic acid-podophyllotoxin micelles with dual-stimuli responsiveness for lung cancer therapy. International journal of pharmaceutics · 23 Jul 2026 PMID 42492642
- Hyaluronic acid-modified nanoparticles for chemo/sonodynamic therapy: Maximizing antitumor efficacy through the induction of ferroptosis and apoptosis. International journal of biological macromolecules · 5 Jul 2026 PMID 42402299
- Dual-trigger hyaluronic acid nanoprodrug incorporating a 2-nitrobenzenesulfonyl linker for CD44-targeted and glutathione-responsive drug delivery. International journal of pharmaceutics · 4 Jul 2026 PMID 42401301
- Glutathione-Responsive Inhalable Nanotherapeutics for Targeted Macrophage Reprogramming in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Biomacromolecules · 18 Jun 2026 PMID 42312473
- A charge-reversible hyaluronic acid prodrug nanoplatform for synergistically enhanced tumor-targeted doxorubicin delivery. European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V · 6 Jun 2026 PMID 42250822
- Multifunctional self-assembled nanoparticles loaded into immunomodulatory microneedles for synergistic therapy of psoriasis. Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces · 3 Jun 2026 PMID 42235198
- Hyaluronic acid-functionalised solid lipid nanoparticles for enhanced oral uptake and therapeutic efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of microencapsulation · 19 May 2026 PMID 42155016
- Preliminary study on targeted nanoparticles co-loaded with piperine and paclitaxel prodrug for ovarian cancer treatment. Journal of materials chemistry. B · 21 Apr 2026 PMID 42011733
CD44 in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (3)
- KS79356, a novel kynureninase inhibitor, suppresses triple-negative breast cancer progression by attenuating the TNF-α/NFκB-CD44-Akt signaling axis. Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 29 Aug 2026 PMID 42667332
- A Droplet-Microarray Platform for Multiplex Profiling of Breast Cancer Exosome Subtypes in Patients' Blood Plasma Samples. Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 7 Jul 2026 PMID 42410964
- Adapalene inhibits the activity of CD44, a cancer stem cell biomarker in Triple negative breast cancer. Molecular biology reports · 3 Jul 2026 PMID 42397497
Others — Immune and Fibrotic Disease (4)
- Integrative bioinformatics analysis identifies gut microbiota-derived metabolite-associated immune candidate targets in high-risk primary biliary cholangitis. PloS one · 13 Aug 2026 PMID 42594087
- Anserine restores antibacterial immunity in cirrhosis via a protective CCL5-mediated hepatocyte-CD44+pDC crosstalk. Journal of hepatology · 1 Jul 2026 PMID 42385859
- Uncovering spatially resolved functional genomics with CRISPR screen sequencing. Cell · 26 May 2026 PMID 42190664
- Bispecific targeting of CHI3L1 and PD-1 as a therapeutic strategy for pulmonary fibrosis. JCI insight · 28 Apr 2026 PMID 42048160
By study type
Human data, design not indexed (2)
- Integrative bioinformatics analysis identifies gut microbiota-derived metabolite-associated immune candidate targets in high-risk primary biliary cholangitis. PloS one · 13 Aug 2026 PMID 42594087
- A Droplet-Microarray Platform for Multiplex Profiling of Breast Cancer Exosome Subtypes in Patients' Blood Plasma Samples. Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 7 Jul 2026 PMID 42410964
Preclinical: animal, cell and lab studies (13)
- KS79356, a novel kynureninase inhibitor, suppresses triple-negative breast cancer progression by attenuating the TNF-α/NFκB-CD44-Akt signaling axis. Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 29 Aug 2026 PMID 42667332
- CD44-Targeted Delivery of Melittin and Celecoxib via Hyaluronic Acid-Coated Polymersomes for Synergistic Anti-Inflammatory Therapy. ChemMedChem · 23 Jul 2026 PMID 42493250
- CD44-targeted hyaluronic acid-podophyllotoxin micelles with dual-stimuli responsiveness for lung cancer therapy. International journal of pharmaceutics · 23 Jul 2026 PMID 42492642
- Hyaluronic acid-modified nanoparticles for chemo/sonodynamic therapy: Maximizing antitumor efficacy through the induction of ferroptosis and apoptosis. International journal of biological macromolecules · 5 Jul 2026 PMID 42402299
- Dual-trigger hyaluronic acid nanoprodrug incorporating a 2-nitrobenzenesulfonyl linker for CD44-targeted and glutathione-responsive drug delivery. International journal of pharmaceutics · 4 Jul 2026 PMID 42401301
- Adapalene inhibits the activity of CD44, a cancer stem cell biomarker in Triple negative breast cancer. Molecular biology reports · 3 Jul 2026 PMID 42397497
- Glutathione-Responsive Inhalable Nanotherapeutics for Targeted Macrophage Reprogramming in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Biomacromolecules · 18 Jun 2026 PMID 42312473
- A charge-reversible hyaluronic acid prodrug nanoplatform for synergistically enhanced tumor-targeted doxorubicin delivery. European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V · 6 Jun 2026 PMID 42250822
- Multifunctional self-assembled nanoparticles loaded into immunomodulatory microneedles for synergistic therapy of psoriasis. Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces · 3 Jun 2026 PMID 42235198
- Uncovering spatially resolved functional genomics with CRISPR screen sequencing. Cell · 26 May 2026 PMID 42190664
- Hyaluronic acid-functionalised solid lipid nanoparticles for enhanced oral uptake and therapeutic efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of microencapsulation · 19 May 2026 PMID 42155016
- Bispecific targeting of CHI3L1 and PD-1 as a therapeutic strategy for pulmonary fibrosis. JCI insight · 28 Apr 2026 PMID 42048160
- Preliminary study on targeted nanoparticles co-loaded with piperine and paclitaxel prodrug for ovarian cancer treatment. Journal of materials chemistry. B · 21 Apr 2026 PMID 42011733
Unclassified: not yet indexed with MeSH (1)
- Anserine restores antibacterial immunity in cirrhosis via a protective CCL5-mediated hepatocyte-CD44+pDC crosstalk. Journal of hepatology · 1 Jul 2026 PMID 42385859
Written from 16 PubMed abstracts, each one listed by PMID above. Published: 2026-06-15. Last written: 2026-08-31 by GPT. Corrections: 2026-09-26 by GPT. Drafted by language models from published abstracts; not medical advice.