Sorafenib
Sorafenib is an orally administered small-molecule multikinase inhibitor used as systemic anticancer therapy, marketed as Nexavar and originally developed as BAY 43-9006.
Sorafenib is an orally administered small-molecule multikinase inhibitor used as systemic anticancer therapy, marketed as Nexavar and originally developed as BAY 43-9006. It is approved for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Sorafenib inhibits both tumour-cell and vascular targets: it blocks RAF kinases upstream of the MAPK signalling pathway, suppressing RAF-MEK-ERK signal transduction, and inhibits receptor tyrosine kinases that drive angiogenesis, including Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and the platelet-derived growth factor receptors, along with Kit and FLT3. The combined effect is reduced tumour proliferation and reduced neovascularisation. Beyond apoptosis, sorafenib is a recognised inducer of ferroptosis, acting through inhibition of cystine uptake and depletion of glutathione, which limits glutathione peroxidase 4 (Gpx4) activity and permits lethal accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species.
For more than a decade sorafenib was the reference first-line systemic treatment for unresectable HCC, and it remains the comparator against which newer regimens are measured; immune checkpoint inhibitor–based combinations such as atezolizumab with bevacizumab, and the multikinase inhibitor lenvatinib, have since displaced it from first-line use in many settings, leaving sorafenib an important option in later lines and where immunotherapy is contraindicated. Its clinical benefit is constrained by intrinsic and acquired resistance. Described mechanisms include lysosomal sequestration of the drug, which lowers concentrations at intracellular targets; cytoprotective autophagy and altered Bcl-2/Beclin-1 balance; and suppression of ferroptosis through antioxidant programmes such as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signalling, alongside adrenergic and Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α)–linked adaptations in the tumour microenvironment. Poor aqueous solubility also restricts exposure, motivating targeted delivery strategies such as nanoparticle and dendrimer conjugates. These liabilities make sorafenib a common backbone for combination and repurposing research, including pairings with chemotherapeutics, autophagy or lysosome-modulating agents, and immunotherapy.
Where the papers sit
34 papers from the last 6 months study sorafenib directly · updated from PubMed 10 Oct 2026
Study type 0 clinical trials · 2 observational · 2 human data · 27 preclinical · 3 unclassified
Themes 5 themes · 2 new directions
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Ferroptosis-Based Cancer Therapy
Cancer ferroptosis research is shifting toward combination treatments and engineered delivery systems that amplify sorafenib-induced cell death. Sorafenib is paired with atorvastatin, decitabine, photodynamic therapy or microRNA delivery to combine ferroptosis with apoptosis or immune activation. Reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde recur as markers of lipid damage, while SMURF1-EFEMP1, catecholamine signaling and HIF1α-KLF4 help explain resistance. The open challenge is sustaining ferroptosis in resistant tumours without losing treatment selectivity.
11 papers · 32.4%
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Antiangiogenic Drug Delivery
Antiangiogenic therapy is moving toward sustained, targeted delivery of sorafenib and biomarker-guided combinations across ocular, renal, prostate and urothelial disease. Intraocular crystals, PSMA-targeted dendrimers and aptamer-functionalized liposomes seek to concentrate exposure while limiting systemic toxicity. VEGFR2, VEGFA, BRAF and related receptor signaling remain recurring targets, with MAPK suppression and endothelial inhibition as key endpoints. Evidence also extends to liver fibrosis, infection and veterinary cancer, so clinical generalization remains open.
9 papers · 26.5%
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Liver Cancer Therapies
Liver cancer therapy is moving toward combination strategies that improve sorafenib activity or replace it with immune checkpoint treatment. Lysosomal sequestration, store-operated calcium entry and apoptosis recur as therapeutic targets in hepatocellular carcinoma. Nivolumab plus ipilimumab represents a clinical move toward dual immunotherapy for unresectable disease, while new thiophene-based compounds remain preclinical. Evidence is still fragmented across mechanisms and treatment settings.
5 papers · 14.7%
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Advanced HCC Treatment
Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma care is moving beyond sorafenib toward immunotherapy and antiangiogenic combinations, especially atezolizumab plus bevacizumab. Real-world cohorts, economic analyses and treatment-sequencing studies are testing how these regimens perform outside trials and what follows progression. Pretreatment prognostic models aim to select patients for sorafenib, while FTH1P7-driven ferroptosis evasion offers a mechanism for resistance. The key unresolved issue is matching first- and second-line choices to durable survival benefit.
5 papers · 14.7%
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Cancer Metabolism and Resistance
Cancer treatment studies here converge on metabolic stress, cell-death regulation and mechanisms of drug resistance. Aurora-A promotes stress-granule assembly through phase separation, whereas pyruvate carboxylase links tumour metabolism to hepatocellular carcinoma growth. Other work tests phase-separating hydrogels and synthetic compounds as ways to improve local therapy or inhibit tumour proliferation. The set suggests mechanistic opportunities but does not establish one dominant therapeutic direction.
4 papers · 11.8%
Sorafenib is repurposed as a direct antibacterial agent against Streptococcus pneumoniae
The Streptococcus pneumoniae pathogenesis study assigns sorafenib a role outside its anticancer uses by showing dose-dependent activity against multiple pneumococcal serotypes, including multidrug-resistant strains, through inhibition of the bacterial kinase StkP 42300766Jun. Sorafenib therefore functions in this model not as an antitumor kinase inhibitor or ferroptosis-inducing cancer therapy, but as a candidate anti-infective targeting bacterial cell division and peptidoglycan regulation.
Sorafenib is repurposed as a targeted antifibrotic therapy
The activated hepatic stellate-cell model of liver fibrosis studied sorafenib as a treatment for fibrotic disease rather than cancer. Instead of using sorafenib against malignant cells, IGFIIR aptamer-functionalized liposomes delivered it selectively to activated stellate cells, suppressed their myofibroblast activation, and produced greater antifibrotic efficacy than free sorafenib. This gives sorafenib a distinct role in treating liver fibrosis through targeted stellate-cell modulation 42579473Aug.
Papers
The 34 papers from the last 6 months that study sorafenib directly, newest first, by theme and by study type. Study types come from PubMed publication types and MeSH headings.
By theme
Ferroptosis-Based Cancer Therapy (11)
- Glutamine-tagged Sorafenib and Atorvastatin Coloaded Polymeric Nanoparticles for Hybrid Cell Death Induction in Colorectal Cancer: Part I Formulation, Characterization, In-vitro/In-vivo Safety and Efficacy Evaluation. AAPS PharmSciTech · 2 Oct 2026 PMID 42827216
- HIF1α-KLF4 signaling dictates extra-erythrocyte expression of hemoglobin conferring sorafenib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma. Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 15 Sept 2026 PMID 42744801
- Synergistic epigenetic modulation and ferroptosis induction via codelivery of Decitabine and Sorafenib for potent anti-tumor therapy. Drug delivery · 3 Sept 2026 PMID 42690017
- SMURF1-mediated EFEMP1 ubiquitination reverses the resistance of HCC cells to sorafenib by promoting ferroptosis. Biochemical and biophysical research communications · 6 Jul 2026 PMID 42407434
- Stress‑induced catecholamines attenuate sorafenib efficacy by inhibiting ferroptosis in β2‑adrenergic receptor positive renal cell carcinoma. International journal of oncology · 26 Jun 2026 PMID 42359705
- 3D chromatin architecture-related genes orchestrate LUAD evolution and therapy resistance: insights from integrative machine learning and spatial single-cell mapping. Functional & integrative genomics · 4 Jun 2026 PMID 42240917
- Exploring Synergistic Potential of Sorafenib and Atorvastatin to Launch Apoptosis and Ferroptosis-driven Mixed Cell Death Mechanism in Colorectal Cancer. AAPS PharmSciTech · 27 May 2026 PMID 42204072
- Design and Synthesis of Bis-Triazole-Linked Benzenesulfonamides as Selective Carbonic Anhydrase IX/XII Inhibitors with Chemosensitizing Activity. Journal of medicinal chemistry · 30 Apr 2026 PMID 42059120
- A Bioinspired Exosomal Nanoplatform for Coordinated Sorafenib and MicroRNA Delivery to Sensitize Ferroptosis and Induce Immunoactivation in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. ACS nano · 24 Apr 2026 PMID 42030227
- Metabolic PANoptosis orchestrated by porous silkworm-like PtFeCoTeMn high-entropy nanozyme for synergistic cancer therapy. Journal of colloid and interface science · 23 Apr 2026 PMID 42025037
- Sorafenib-Loaded Mesoporous Fe-Hematoporphyrin Complex for Ferroptosis-Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy of Colorectal Tumor. Molecular pharmaceutics · 21 Apr 2026 PMID 42011059
Antiangiogenic Drug Delivery (9)
- Sorafenib/piroxicam therapy with biomarker-defined survival benefit in canine muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma. Scientific reports · 2 Sept 2026 PMID 42680778
- Magnolol Potentiates Sorafenib-induced Apoptosis and Inhibits Metastatic Signaling in Renal Carcinoma. In vivo (Athens, Greece) · 28 Aug 2026 PMID 42665403
- IGFIIR Aptamer-Functionalized Liposomes for Targeted Delivery of Sorafenib to Ameliorate Liver Fibrosis. Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids · 11 Aug 2026 PMID 42579473
- Fine-tuned machine learning models for the discovery of dye nanoparticles with enhanced lung delivery. Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 31 Jul 2026 PMID 42537701
- PSMA-Targeted Dendrimer Delivery of Sorafenib Enhances MAPK Suppression and Anti-Angiogenic Activity in Prostate Cancer. Journal of medicinal chemistry · 24 Jun 2026 PMID 42342430
- Intraocular delivery of crystalline sorafenib provides sustained, potent inhibition of wet age-related macular degeneration. Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 18 Jun 2026 PMID 42314988
- Sorafenib, a clinical kinase inhibitor, attenuates Streptococcus pneumoniae pathogenesis and reduces disease progression in vivo. mBio · 16 Jun 2026 PMID 42300766
- Nano-scaffolds for enhanced in-vitro and in-vivo anti-VEGFR drug delivery. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 22 May 2026 PMID 42170960
- Multi-Omics and Machine Learning-Uncovered FLT1-Mediated Epithelial-Endothelial Crosstalk in Cellular Senescence Driving Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Malignancy. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 18 Apr 2026 PMID 41999263
Liver Cancer Therapies (5)
- Pharmacological inhibition of store-operated calcium entry enhances sorafenib-induced antitumor effects in Huh7 hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology · 11 Aug 2026 PMID 42581130
- Clomipramine potentiates sorafenib efficacy in experimental hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting lysosomal sequestration and modulating the cathepsin B/Bcl-2/Beclin-1 axis. Molecular biology reports · 30 Jun 2026 PMID 42377685
- Pelvic desmoid fibromatosis: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. BMJ case reports · 29 Jun 2026 PMID 42373202
- Synthesis and biological evaluation of thiophene based oxadiazole derivatives as promising anticancer agents against liver cancer. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 22 May 2026 PMID 42170959
- A plain language summary of the CheckMate 9DW study: nivolumab in combination with ipilimumab for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (advanced liver cancer). Future oncology (London, England) · 15 Apr 2026 PMID 41981891
Advanced HCC Treatment (5)
- Prediction of treatment response and survival in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma receiving sorafenib: pretreatment prognostic scores. Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute · 9 Oct 2026 PMID 42853364
- Induction and propagation of ferroptosis evasion by FTH1P7 drives sorafenib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma. European journal of pharmacology · 3 Aug 2026 PMID 42546831
- Real-world evidence for atezolizumab with bevacizumab for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicentre UK Midlands cohort. BMC cancer · 20 Jul 2026 PMID 42477572
- Second-Line Practices in the Era of Immunotherapy in HCC: The CHIEF Cohort. JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology · 11 Jun 2026 PMID 42276189
- Economic evaluation of finotonlimab plus bevacizumab as first-line therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. PloS one · 14 May 2026 PMID 42133639
Cancer Metabolism and Resistance (4)
- Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Bibenzyl Analogues against Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Targeting Pyruvate Carboxylase. Journal of medicinal chemistry · 13 Jun 2026 PMID 42286802
- A biomimetic phase-separating hydrogel potentiates local chemo-virotherapy to eradicate recurrent glioblastoma. Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 7 May 2026 PMID 42097225
- Antiproliferative Activity and Acute Toxicity of α,β-Bis(diphenylphosphine Oxide)ethanes Obtained by Bisphosphorylation of Acetylenes: Electrosynthesis Under Mild Conditions Versus Improved Superbasic Medium Synthesis. ChemMedChem · 26 Apr 2026 PMID 42035247
- Aurora-A drives sorafenib resistance by scaffolding stress granule assembly via phase separation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 20 Apr 2026 PMID 42008675
By study type
Observational studies and case reports (2)
- Prediction of treatment response and survival in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma receiving sorafenib: pretreatment prognostic scores. Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute · 9 Oct 2026 PMID 42853364
- Pelvic desmoid fibromatosis: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. BMJ case reports · 29 Jun 2026 PMID 42373202
Human data, design not indexed (2)
- 3D chromatin architecture-related genes orchestrate LUAD evolution and therapy resistance: insights from integrative machine learning and spatial single-cell mapping. Functional & integrative genomics · 4 Jun 2026 PMID 42240917
- Economic evaluation of finotonlimab plus bevacizumab as first-line therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. PloS one · 14 May 2026 PMID 42133639
Preclinical: animal, cell and lab studies (27)
- Glutamine-tagged Sorafenib and Atorvastatin Coloaded Polymeric Nanoparticles for Hybrid Cell Death Induction in Colorectal Cancer: Part I Formulation, Characterization, In-vitro/In-vivo Safety and Efficacy Evaluation. AAPS PharmSciTech · 2 Oct 2026 PMID 42827216
- HIF1α-KLF4 signaling dictates extra-erythrocyte expression of hemoglobin conferring sorafenib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma. Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 15 Sept 2026 PMID 42744801
- Synergistic epigenetic modulation and ferroptosis induction via codelivery of Decitabine and Sorafenib for potent anti-tumor therapy. Drug delivery · 3 Sept 2026 PMID 42690017
- Sorafenib/piroxicam therapy with biomarker-defined survival benefit in canine muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma. Scientific reports · 2 Sept 2026 PMID 42680778
- Magnolol Potentiates Sorafenib-induced Apoptosis and Inhibits Metastatic Signaling in Renal Carcinoma. In vivo (Athens, Greece) · 28 Aug 2026 PMID 42665403
- Pharmacological inhibition of store-operated calcium entry enhances sorafenib-induced antitumor effects in Huh7 hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology · 11 Aug 2026 PMID 42581130
- IGFIIR Aptamer-Functionalized Liposomes for Targeted Delivery of Sorafenib to Ameliorate Liver Fibrosis. Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids · 11 Aug 2026 PMID 42579473
- Induction and propagation of ferroptosis evasion by FTH1P7 drives sorafenib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma. European journal of pharmacology · 3 Aug 2026 PMID 42546831
- Fine-tuned machine learning models for the discovery of dye nanoparticles with enhanced lung delivery. Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 31 Jul 2026 PMID 42537701
- SMURF1-mediated EFEMP1 ubiquitination reverses the resistance of HCC cells to sorafenib by promoting ferroptosis. Biochemical and biophysical research communications · 6 Jul 2026 PMID 42407434
- Clomipramine potentiates sorafenib efficacy in experimental hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting lysosomal sequestration and modulating the cathepsin B/Bcl-2/Beclin-1 axis. Molecular biology reports · 30 Jun 2026 PMID 42377685
- Stress‑induced catecholamines attenuate sorafenib efficacy by inhibiting ferroptosis in β2‑adrenergic receptor positive renal cell carcinoma. International journal of oncology · 26 Jun 2026 PMID 42359705
- PSMA-Targeted Dendrimer Delivery of Sorafenib Enhances MAPK Suppression and Anti-Angiogenic Activity in Prostate Cancer. Journal of medicinal chemistry · 24 Jun 2026 PMID 42342430
- Intraocular delivery of crystalline sorafenib provides sustained, potent inhibition of wet age-related macular degeneration. Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 18 Jun 2026 PMID 42314988
- Sorafenib, a clinical kinase inhibitor, attenuates Streptococcus pneumoniae pathogenesis and reduces disease progression in vivo. mBio · 16 Jun 2026 PMID 42300766
- Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Bibenzyl Analogues against Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Targeting Pyruvate Carboxylase. Journal of medicinal chemistry · 13 Jun 2026 PMID 42286802
- Exploring Synergistic Potential of Sorafenib and Atorvastatin to Launch Apoptosis and Ferroptosis-driven Mixed Cell Death Mechanism in Colorectal Cancer. AAPS PharmSciTech · 27 May 2026 PMID 42204072
- Nano-scaffolds for enhanced in-vitro and in-vivo anti-VEGFR drug delivery. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 22 May 2026 PMID 42170960
- Synthesis and biological evaluation of thiophene based oxadiazole derivatives as promising anticancer agents against liver cancer. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 22 May 2026 PMID 42170959
- A biomimetic phase-separating hydrogel potentiates local chemo-virotherapy to eradicate recurrent glioblastoma. Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 7 May 2026 PMID 42097225
- Design and Synthesis of Bis-Triazole-Linked Benzenesulfonamides as Selective Carbonic Anhydrase IX/XII Inhibitors with Chemosensitizing Activity. Journal of medicinal chemistry · 30 Apr 2026 PMID 42059120
- Antiproliferative Activity and Acute Toxicity of α,β-Bis(diphenylphosphine Oxide)ethanes Obtained by Bisphosphorylation of Acetylenes: Electrosynthesis Under Mild Conditions Versus Improved Superbasic Medium Synthesis. ChemMedChem · 26 Apr 2026 PMID 42035247
- A Bioinspired Exosomal Nanoplatform for Coordinated Sorafenib and MicroRNA Delivery to Sensitize Ferroptosis and Induce Immunoactivation in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. ACS nano · 24 Apr 2026 PMID 42030227
- Metabolic PANoptosis orchestrated by porous silkworm-like PtFeCoTeMn high-entropy nanozyme for synergistic cancer therapy. Journal of colloid and interface science · 23 Apr 2026 PMID 42025037
- Sorafenib-Loaded Mesoporous Fe-Hematoporphyrin Complex for Ferroptosis-Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy of Colorectal Tumor. Molecular pharmaceutics · 21 Apr 2026 PMID 42011059
- Aurora-A drives sorafenib resistance by scaffolding stress granule assembly via phase separation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 20 Apr 2026 PMID 42008675
- Multi-Omics and Machine Learning-Uncovered FLT1-Mediated Epithelial-Endothelial Crosstalk in Cellular Senescence Driving Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Malignancy. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 18 Apr 2026 PMID 41999263
Unclassified: not yet indexed with MeSH (3)
- Real-world evidence for atezolizumab with bevacizumab for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicentre UK Midlands cohort. BMC cancer · 20 Jul 2026 PMID 42477572
- Second-Line Practices in the Era of Immunotherapy in HCC: The CHIEF Cohort. JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology · 11 Jun 2026 PMID 42276189
- A plain language summary of the CheckMate 9DW study: nivolumab in combination with ipilimumab for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (advanced liver cancer). Future oncology (London, England) · 15 Apr 2026 PMID 41981891
Written from 34 PubMed abstracts, each one listed by PMID above. Published: 2026-06-16. Last written: 2026-09-17 by GPT. Reviewed by a human editor on 2026-07-23. Drafted by language models from published abstracts; not medical advice.