KRAS
KRAS is a human gene, formally the KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase, and also known as Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog.
KRAS is a human gene, formally the KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase, and also known as Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog. It encodes a small GTPase of the RAS family, a membrane-associated protein that cycles between an inactive GDP-bound state and an active GTP-bound state. This switch is controlled by guanine nucleotide exchange factors such as SOS1, which load GTP onto KRAS, and by GTPase-activating proteins that accelerate GTP hydrolysis. In its active conformation, KRAS transmits signals from upstream receptor tyrosine kinases, including the EGFR family, to downstream effectors, most prominently the RAF–MEK–ERK (MAPK) cascade and the Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Protein kinase B (PKB) pathway, thereby regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. The protein requires prenylation and membrane localization for activity, and alternative splicing produces the K-Ras4A and K-Ras4B isoforms.
Somatic missense mutations in KRAS, typically at codons 12, 13, and 61, impair GTP hydrolysis and lock the protein in a constitutively active state, driving sustained MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling. KRAS is among the most frequently mutated oncogenes in human cancer, with the highest prevalence in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and substantial involvement in colorectal cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, and appendiceal adenocarcinoma; co-occurring alterations in TP53, STK11, KEAP1, and PIK3CA further shape tumor behavior and clinical outcomes. Long considered undruggable, KRAS is now addressed by several therapeutic strategies: covalent inhibitors of the KRAS G12C variant, pan-RAS inhibitors, allele-selective agents, SOS1 inhibitors that block nucleotide exchange, and targeted degraders built as proteolysis-targeting chimeras. Because resistance to single-agent KRAS inhibition arises rapidly — through reactivation of parallel signaling nodes, lineage plasticity, and upstream or orthogonal pathways involving EGFR, RAF1, and JAK2/STAT3 — combination regimens pairing KRAS-directed drugs with MEK inhibitors such as trametinib, PI3K inhibitors, or receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors are an active focus of preclinical and clinical development. Genetically engineered mouse models carrying conditional Kras and TP53 alleles remain a standard system for studying KRAS-driven tumorigenesis and treatment response.
Where the papers sit
45 papers from the last 6 months study KRAS directly · updated from PubMed 11 Oct 2026
Study type 0 clinical trials · 4 observational · 8 human data · 26 preclinical · 7 unclassified
Themes 4 themes · 1 paradigm shift · 1 new direction
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KRAS-Driven Pancreatic Cancer
Allele-selective KRAS inhibition is moving into pancreatic cancer treatment, while combination strategies aim to deepen regression and delay resistance. Daraxonrasib and RAF/EGFR-directed approaches are paired with metabolic interventions targeting lipophagy-dependent fatty-acid oxidation or methionine dependence. Early transformation studies and ctDNA assays are improving selection and detection beyond tissue NGS. Resistance, pathway reactivation, and translation of organoid findings into durable clinical benefit remain open questions.
15 papers · 33.3%
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KRAS-Targeted Lung Cancer Therapy
KRAS blockade in lung adenocarcinoma is being linked to immune activation and differentiation-state vulnerabilities rather than pursued as isolated cytotoxic therapy. G12V degradation can regress tumors, but relapse through dysregulated proteolysis and cellular plasticity exposes limits of single-node targeting. Mutant p53, SPP1, bystander killing, immune-checkpoint blockade, and engineered T-cell or ADC strategies recur as ways to address heterogeneity. Evidence remains mainly preclinical, with the durability and clinical breadth of these combinations unresolved.
11 papers · 24.4%
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Mutation-Selective KRAS Therapy
KRAS drug development is expanding beyond direct blockade toward degraders, pan-KRAS inhibitors, G-quadruplex stabilizers, and RNA delivery. G12D and G12V tumors are prominent targets, while AGO2 disruption and predicted synthetic lethal partners seek to widen response and sensitize chemo-immunotherapy. Resistance mapping in colorectal cancer is becoming a central guide for combination design. TP53/KRAS co-mutation and KRAS-associated prognostic studies extend the question from response to patient selection, but durable activity across tumor types remains unsettled.
10 papers · 22.2%
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Others — Cancer Genomics and Drug Discovery
NSCLC work centers on matching KRAS genotype and co-mutations to immunotherapy, neoadjuvant treatment, and candidate drugs. STK11 and KEAP1 status, G12C versus non-G12C alleles, and ctDNA detection recur as determinants of prognosis or treatment allocation. Computational repurposing, molecular docking, and phytochemical screens expand the search for anti-KRAS activity, while stress-response biology offers a metastasis mechanism. The cluster also contains unrelated leukemia, protein-evolution, and assay studies, so it does not support one unified therapeutic direction.
9 papers · 20%
Immune-state control, rather than KRAS signaling alone, can determine response and eliminate KRAS-resistant tumor cells
The KRAS/TP53-mutant lung adenocarcinoma study and the KRAS G12C inhibitor-resistant tumor model both challenge the assumption that KRAS-directed treatment is governed primarily by tumor-cell-intrinsic signaling. In the lung adenocarcinoma model, mutant p53 represses SPP1, reducing myeloid-derived suppressor-cell recruitment and increasing CD8+ T-cell infiltration, while SPP1 blockade enhances anti-PD-1 activity; in the resistant-subclone model, anti-PD-1 or SHP2 inhibition eliminates resistant cells indirectly through adaptive-immune bystander killing after KRAS inhibition removes drug-sensitive cells (PMIDs 42726875, 42258763). The consequence is a change in therapeutic logic: immune remodeling and immune-mediated clearance can convert KRAS-targeted treatment from selective suppression of sensitive cells into a strategy capable of overcoming resistance without directly inhibiting every resistant clone.
KRAS is a paralog-specific vulnerability in benign NF1-associated neurofibromas
The Dhh-Cre;Nf1fl/fl neurofibroma mouse model and established neurofibromas treated with the KRASmulti inhibitor BI6674 instead assign KRAS an essential role in the initiation and maintenance of NF1-deficient benign Schwann-cell tumors, rather than restricting its relevance to malignant cancers. Kras ablation, unlike Hras ablation, reduced neurofibroma formation and restored disrupted nerve architecture, while pharmacological KRAS inhibition reduced established tumor volume and remodeled the immune microenvironment. This extends KRAS targeting into a nonmalignant tumor disease and identifies paralog specificity as part of the vulnerability. 42685218Sep
Papers
The 45 papers from the last 6 months that study KRAS directly, newest first, by theme and by study type. Study types come from PubMed publication types and MeSH headings.
By theme
KRAS-Driven Pancreatic Cancer (15)
- Synergy of KRAS-inhibitor Daraxonrasib Combined With Recombinant Methioninase on Pancreatic-cancer Cells But Not Normal Cells. Anticancer research · 31 Aug 2026 PMID 42674713
- The KRAS targeting revolution in metastatic pancreatic cancer: insights from the landmark RASolute-302 trial and emerging allele-specific strategies at ASCO 2026. Journal of hematology & oncology · 8 Aug 2026 PMID 42571010
- Impact of Tumor Genomic Profile on Adjuvant Chemotherapy Efficacy in Resected Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Results From the PRODIGE-24/CCTG PA6 Study. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 3 Aug 2026 PMID 42546248
- KRAS on Empty: Lipid Oxidation Blockade Reveals a Metabolic Achilles' Heel in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer research · 15 Jul 2026 PMID 42452976
- Benefits and challenges of adding BKM120 to a BI-3406 plus trametinib combination therapy. BMC cancer · 3 Jul 2026 PMID 42399819
- High-Sensitivity ctDNA Analysis Uncovers Relevant Signals Missed by NGS in Pancreatic Cancer. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 30 Jun 2026 PMID 42377115
- Discovery of Highly Potent and Selective SOS1 Inhibitors for the Treatment of KRAS-Driven Colorectal Cancer. Journal of medicinal chemistry · 5 Jun 2026 PMID 42247371
- The anticancer effects of PCAIs in pancreatic cancer cells involve MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways hyperactivation. Oncotarget · 3 Jun 2026 PMID 42233520
- A targeted combination therapy achieves effective pancreatic cancer regression and prevents tumor resistance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 1 Jun 2026 PMID 42224594
- Concurrent genetic and non-genetic resistance mechanisms to KRAS inhibition in colorectal cancer. Cancer cell · 21 May 2026 PMID 42167227
- Human pancreatic progenitor organoids define genetic and epigenetic barriers to early PDAC transformation. Developmental cell · 20 May 2026 PMID 42161274
- Gel-Based NMR Method for Observing Submicrosecond Protein Dynamics at Atomic Resolution. The journal of physical chemistry letters · 12 May 2026 PMID 42117532
- Klf4-Tymp axis promotes inflammation-driven early tumorigenesis by enhancing kras mutation-induced acinar-to-ductal metaplasia through Pi3k/Akt and Mek/Erk pathways. Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 7 May 2026 PMID 42092950
- KRAS Signaling Inhibition Induces a Targetable Metabolic Dependency on Lipophagy-Dependent Fatty Acid Oxidation in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer research · 29 Apr 2026 PMID 42054558
- Targeting pancreatic cancer with combined inhibition of EGFR and RAF. PloS one · 24 Apr 2026 PMID 42030284
KRAS-Targeted Lung Cancer Therapy (11)
- Mutant p53 sensitizes KRAS-driven lung adenocarcinoma to immunotherapy by repressing SPP1. Science advances · 11 Sept 2026 PMID 42726875
- TCR-JANUS engager proteins enable bispecific targeting to overcome tumor heterogeneity in TCR-T cell therapy. Science advances · 9 Sept 2026 PMID 42715334
- KRAS is required for plexiform neurofibroma formation and represents a targetable vulnerability in established tumors. Science advances · 2 Sept 2026 PMID 42685218
- Identification of a three-gene prognostic signature associated with tumor immune characteristics in lung adenocarcinoma: A comprehensive analysis of multi-omics data. Translational oncology · 17 Aug 2026 PMID 42607524
- An Iridium(III) Complex Induces Immunogenic Methuosis and Reprograms Tumor-Associated Macrophages for Chemoimmunotherapy against KRAS-Mutated Tumors. Journal of medicinal chemistry · 12 Jul 2026 PMID 42437351
- KRAS inhibition is an effective therapy for appendiceal adenocarcinoma. Journal of hematology & oncology · 3 Jul 2026 PMID 42393724
- Cellular plasticity as a therapeutic vulnerability: HNF4α is a key target in lung adenocarcinoma. The Journal of clinical investigation · 1 Jul 2026 PMID 42383354
- KRAS Inhibitor-Induced Cancer Cell Death Enhances Sensitivity to Immune-Mediated Bystander Killing of Drug-Resistant Subclones. Cancer research · 8 Jun 2026 PMID 42258763
- Targeted KRASG12V Degradation in vivo Elicits Lung Adenocarcinoma Regression with Subsequent Relapse from Dysregulated Proteolysis. Cancer research · 27 May 2026 PMID 42200804
- Single-nucleotide variant profiling in liquid biopsy with RECO-Cas. Science advances · 22 May 2026 PMID 42172311
- ABL209 (NEOK002): Designing an EGFR × MUC1 Bispecific TOP1i ADC with Promising Antitumor Activity and Enhanced Therapeutic Window. Molecular cancer therapeutics · 20 Apr 2026 PMID 42007988
Mutation-Selective KRAS Therapy (10)
- Exploring the cytotoxic potential of Artemisia herba-alba crude extract and key phytoconstituents using in vitro assays and molecular docking insights. PloS one · 25 Sept 2026 PMID 42789608
- MCKG-SL: Knowledge graph-based multi-feature cross-aggregation synthetic lethality prediction for KRAS gene. Artificial intelligence in medicine · 10 Sept 2026 PMID 42721585
- Discovery of Highly Efficacious CRBN-Based KRAS Degraders Targeting Cancers with KRAS G12D and G12V Mutations. Journal of medicinal chemistry · 10 Sept 2026 PMID 42720481
- Integrating Molecular Classification Based on FGFR3, KRAS, HRAS, and TP53 Mutation With TNM Staging Modestly Improves Prediction of Prognosis of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma After Surgery. International journal of urology : official journal of the Japanese Urological Association · 27 Aug 2026 PMID 42655970
- Disrupting KRAS-AGO2 interaction: a dual-pronged strategy to sensitize chemo-immunotherapy in KRAS-mutated colorectal cancer. Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death · 20 Aug 2026 PMID 42622908
- Targeted KRAS suppression in colorectal cancer via in vivo self-assembled siRNAs encapsulated in endogenous small extracellular vesicles. Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 11 Aug 2026 PMID 42580447
- Expanding Addressable KRAS Mutations through the Structure- and Property-Based Design of Dual-State (GDP/GTP), Reversible Pan-KRAS Inhibitors. Journal of medicinal chemistry · 14 Jul 2026 PMID 42446418
- The cartography of KRAS inhibitor resistance in colorectal cancer. Cancer cell · 11 Jun 2026 PMID 42276046
- Structure-Informed Design of Distinct Parallel G-Quadruplex Stabilizers for KRAS-Driven Cancer Therapy. Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 7 Jun 2026 PMID 42251661
- Coexistence of TP53 and KRAS mutations identifies a molecular subset of biliary tract cancer with poor overall survival after first-line immunochemotherapy. European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990) · 26 May 2026 PMID 42190397
Others — Cancer Genomics and Drug Discovery (9)
- Proteomic regulation of anti-proliferative and anti-migratory activity by potent phytochemicals from Pistacia integerrima J.L. Steward Ex Brandis via PI3K, AKT1, and KRAS for Lung Cancer. Molecular biology reports · 12 Sept 2026 PMID 42730982
- One-pot SP-EXPAR-integrated CRISPR/Cas14a assay for highly specific and versatile detection of ctDNA mutations in lung cancer patients. Analytical methods : advancing methods and applications · 24 Aug 2026 PMID 42635115
- Clinical outcomes of KRAS G12C versus non-G12C mutant NSCLC treated with immunotherapy: a multicentre real-world study. Lung cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 17 Aug 2026 PMID 42607379
- Integrated computational and preclinical evaluation of drug repurposing candidates for KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancer. Scientific reports · 13 Aug 2026 PMID 42595781
- Clinical Outcomes Associated with Single STK11 Mutations and Those Co-occurring with KEAP1 and KRAS Mutations in Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Advances in therapy · 30 Jun 2026 PMID 42377736
- Neoadjuvant nivolumab plus chemotherapy in resectable NSCLC: A pharmacological outcome study. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 9 Jun 2026 PMID 42262212
- Navigating high-order protein fitness landscapes via deep learning on directed evolution trajectories. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 26 May 2026 PMID 42190010
- Genetics and MRD for therapy allocation in adults with Philadelphia chromosome-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood · 4 May 2026 PMID 42081455
- Stress Tested: Aging Rewires Tumors for Metastatic Spread through Activation of the Integrated Stress Response. Cancer research · 21 Apr 2026 PMID 42013364
By study type
Observational studies and case reports (4)
- Integrating Molecular Classification Based on FGFR3, KRAS, HRAS, and TP53 Mutation With TNM Staging Modestly Improves Prediction of Prognosis of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma After Surgery. International journal of urology : official journal of the Japanese Urological Association · 27 Aug 2026 PMID 42655970
- Clinical outcomes of KRAS G12C versus non-G12C mutant NSCLC treated with immunotherapy: a multicentre real-world study. Lung cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 17 Aug 2026 PMID 42607379
- High-Sensitivity ctDNA Analysis Uncovers Relevant Signals Missed by NGS in Pancreatic Cancer. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 30 Jun 2026 PMID 42377115
- Neoadjuvant nivolumab plus chemotherapy in resectable NSCLC: A pharmacological outcome study. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 9 Jun 2026 PMID 42262212
Human data, design not indexed (8)
- One-pot SP-EXPAR-integrated CRISPR/Cas14a assay for highly specific and versatile detection of ctDNA mutations in lung cancer patients. Analytical methods : advancing methods and applications · 24 Aug 2026 PMID 42635115
- The KRAS targeting revolution in metastatic pancreatic cancer: insights from the landmark RASolute-302 trial and emerging allele-specific strategies at ASCO 2026. Journal of hematology & oncology · 8 Aug 2026 PMID 42571010
- Impact of Tumor Genomic Profile on Adjuvant Chemotherapy Efficacy in Resected Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Results From the PRODIGE-24/CCTG PA6 Study. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 3 Aug 2026 PMID 42546248
- The cartography of KRAS inhibitor resistance in colorectal cancer. Cancer cell · 11 Jun 2026 PMID 42276046
- Coexistence of TP53 and KRAS mutations identifies a molecular subset of biliary tract cancer with poor overall survival after first-line immunochemotherapy. European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990) · 26 May 2026 PMID 42190397
- Navigating high-order protein fitness landscapes via deep learning on directed evolution trajectories. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 26 May 2026 PMID 42190010
- Single-nucleotide variant profiling in liquid biopsy with RECO-Cas. Science advances · 22 May 2026 PMID 42172311
- Genetics and MRD for therapy allocation in adults with Philadelphia chromosome-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood · 4 May 2026 PMID 42081455
Preclinical: animal, cell and lab studies (26)
- Exploring the cytotoxic potential of Artemisia herba-alba crude extract and key phytoconstituents using in vitro assays and molecular docking insights. PloS one · 25 Sept 2026 PMID 42789608
- Proteomic regulation of anti-proliferative and anti-migratory activity by potent phytochemicals from Pistacia integerrima J.L. Steward Ex Brandis via PI3K, AKT1, and KRAS for Lung Cancer. Molecular biology reports · 12 Sept 2026 PMID 42730982
- Mutant p53 sensitizes KRAS-driven lung adenocarcinoma to immunotherapy by repressing SPP1. Science advances · 11 Sept 2026 PMID 42726875
- Discovery of Highly Efficacious CRBN-Based KRAS Degraders Targeting Cancers with KRAS G12D and G12V Mutations. Journal of medicinal chemistry · 10 Sept 2026 PMID 42720481
- TCR-JANUS engager proteins enable bispecific targeting to overcome tumor heterogeneity in TCR-T cell therapy. Science advances · 9 Sept 2026 PMID 42715334
- KRAS is required for plexiform neurofibroma formation and represents a targetable vulnerability in established tumors. Science advances · 2 Sept 2026 PMID 42685218
- Synergy of KRAS-inhibitor Daraxonrasib Combined With Recombinant Methioninase on Pancreatic-cancer Cells But Not Normal Cells. Anticancer research · 31 Aug 2026 PMID 42674713
- Disrupting KRAS-AGO2 interaction: a dual-pronged strategy to sensitize chemo-immunotherapy in KRAS-mutated colorectal cancer. Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death · 20 Aug 2026 PMID 42622908
- Integrated computational and preclinical evaluation of drug repurposing candidates for KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancer. Scientific reports · 13 Aug 2026 PMID 42595781
- Targeted KRAS suppression in colorectal cancer via in vivo self-assembled siRNAs encapsulated in endogenous small extracellular vesicles. Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 11 Aug 2026 PMID 42580447
- KRAS on Empty: Lipid Oxidation Blockade Reveals a Metabolic Achilles' Heel in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer research · 15 Jul 2026 PMID 42452976
- Expanding Addressable KRAS Mutations through the Structure- and Property-Based Design of Dual-State (GDP/GTP), Reversible Pan-KRAS Inhibitors. Journal of medicinal chemistry · 14 Jul 2026 PMID 42446418
- An Iridium(III) Complex Induces Immunogenic Methuosis and Reprograms Tumor-Associated Macrophages for Chemoimmunotherapy against KRAS-Mutated Tumors. Journal of medicinal chemistry · 12 Jul 2026 PMID 42437351
- Benefits and challenges of adding BKM120 to a BI-3406 plus trametinib combination therapy. BMC cancer · 3 Jul 2026 PMID 42399819
- Cellular plasticity as a therapeutic vulnerability: HNF4α is a key target in lung adenocarcinoma. The Journal of clinical investigation · 1 Jul 2026 PMID 42383354
- KRAS Inhibitor-Induced Cancer Cell Death Enhances Sensitivity to Immune-Mediated Bystander Killing of Drug-Resistant Subclones. Cancer research · 8 Jun 2026 PMID 42258763
- Structure-Informed Design of Distinct Parallel G-Quadruplex Stabilizers for KRAS-Driven Cancer Therapy. Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 7 Jun 2026 PMID 42251661
- Discovery of Highly Potent and Selective SOS1 Inhibitors for the Treatment of KRAS-Driven Colorectal Cancer. Journal of medicinal chemistry · 5 Jun 2026 PMID 42247371
- The anticancer effects of PCAIs in pancreatic cancer cells involve MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways hyperactivation. Oncotarget · 3 Jun 2026 PMID 42233520
- A targeted combination therapy achieves effective pancreatic cancer regression and prevents tumor resistance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 1 Jun 2026 PMID 42224594
- Concurrent genetic and non-genetic resistance mechanisms to KRAS inhibition in colorectal cancer. Cancer cell · 21 May 2026 PMID 42167227
- Gel-Based NMR Method for Observing Submicrosecond Protein Dynamics at Atomic Resolution. The journal of physical chemistry letters · 12 May 2026 PMID 42117532
- KRAS Signaling Inhibition Induces a Targetable Metabolic Dependency on Lipophagy-Dependent Fatty Acid Oxidation in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer research · 29 Apr 2026 PMID 42054558
- Targeting pancreatic cancer with combined inhibition of EGFR and RAF. PloS one · 24 Apr 2026 PMID 42030284
- Stress Tested: Aging Rewires Tumors for Metastatic Spread through Activation of the Integrated Stress Response. Cancer research · 21 Apr 2026 PMID 42013364
- ABL209 (NEOK002): Designing an EGFR × MUC1 Bispecific TOP1i ADC with Promising Antitumor Activity and Enhanced Therapeutic Window. Molecular cancer therapeutics · 20 Apr 2026 PMID 42007988
Unclassified: not yet indexed with MeSH (7)
- MCKG-SL: Knowledge graph-based multi-feature cross-aggregation synthetic lethality prediction for KRAS gene. Artificial intelligence in medicine · 10 Sept 2026 PMID 42721585
- Identification of a three-gene prognostic signature associated with tumor immune characteristics in lung adenocarcinoma: A comprehensive analysis of multi-omics data. Translational oncology · 17 Aug 2026 PMID 42607524
- KRAS inhibition is an effective therapy for appendiceal adenocarcinoma. Journal of hematology & oncology · 3 Jul 2026 PMID 42393724
- Clinical Outcomes Associated with Single STK11 Mutations and Those Co-occurring with KEAP1 and KRAS Mutations in Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Advances in therapy · 30 Jun 2026 PMID 42377736
- Targeted KRASG12V Degradation in vivo Elicits Lung Adenocarcinoma Regression with Subsequent Relapse from Dysregulated Proteolysis. Cancer research · 27 May 2026 PMID 42200804
- Human pancreatic progenitor organoids define genetic and epigenetic barriers to early PDAC transformation. Developmental cell · 20 May 2026 PMID 42161274
- Klf4-Tymp axis promotes inflammation-driven early tumorigenesis by enhancing kras mutation-induced acinar-to-ductal metaplasia through Pi3k/Akt and Mek/Erk pathways. Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 7 May 2026 PMID 42092950
Written from 45 PubMed abstracts, each one listed by PMID above. Published: 2026-06-16. Last written: 2026-09-14 by GPT. Reviewed by a human editor on 2026-07-23. Drafted by language models from published abstracts; not medical advice.