Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)

Where the papers sit

87 papers from the last 6 months study Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) directly · updated from PubMed 12 Oct 2026

• PD-L1 Biology and Inhibitors

  PD-L1 is being targeted through antibodies, small molecules and pathway-level regulators rather than blockade alone. Structural studies and new compounds, including selenium-containing and dual PD-1/PD-L1–NAMPT inhibitors, aim to improve potency and anti-angiogenic activity. PRKX, ZNF652, XIAP-PKC signaling and miRNAs recur as mechanisms controlling immune escape or resensitization. Clinical and translational work remains focused on restoring T-cell activity while defining broader effects on the tumor microenvironment.

  18 papers · 20.7%

• Tumor Microenvironment and Checkpoint Resistance

  Checkpoint resistance is being approached as a problem of suppressive niches, dysfunctional myeloid and regulatory T cells, and inadequate antigen presentation. MerTK inhibition, IKZF2/IKZF4 degradation, TIGIT-CD155 disruption and cGAS-STING activation are proposed ways to restore antitumor immunity. Engineered bacteria, oral nanovaccines, microbiome metabolites and artificial antigen-presenting cells seek to generate systemic or mucosal immune priming. CD28 imaging, body composition and cytoskeletal or metabolic signatures may help predict which tumors will respond.

  16 papers · 18.4%

• PD-1 Immunotherapy in Carcinoma

  PD-1 blockade is moving toward multimodal treatment in hepatocellular and head and neck carcinoma, combining chemotherapy, radiotherapy, lenvatinib or apatinib. Neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy is being used to improve response and reduce surgery in selected head and neck disease. Resistance and response are repeatedly linked to CD8+ T-cell exhaustion, glycolysis, dendritic-cell lactylation and STK40 or S100A10 signaling. Spatial and multi-omics biomarkers may guide treatment timing and patient selection.

  12 papers · 13.8%

• Next-Generation PD-1 Immunotherapy

  PD-1 treatment is expanding beyond conventional antibodies into trispecific antibodies, localized CAR-T cells, engineered bacteria, extracellular vesicles and NK-cell therapies. These approaches aim to activate IL2Rβγ signaling, convert cold tumors, improve tissue localization or generate durable antitumor memory while limiting systemic toxicity. OSE-279 provides clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic testing of a newer anti-PD-1 antibody. Imaging applications such as 89Zr-labeled PD-1/VEGF antibodies add a route to measure target distribution and treatment response.

  11 papers · 12.6%

• PD-1 Therapy in Lung Cancer

  PD-1 therapy in advanced NSCLC is moving toward combinations with chemotherapy, antibody-drug conjugates, radiotherapy and newer bispecific agents such as ivonescimab. Sacituzumab tirumotecan, pembrolizumab and tislelizumab are being compared or combined to improve survival beyond checkpoint monotherapy. Radiotherapy may cooperate through neutrophil programming, whereas hypoxic HIF1A+CSF3R+ niches and Wnt9a/β-catenin signaling contribute to resistance. Drug exposure and tumor-expressed OX40L are emerging as response markers.

  10 papers · 11.5%

• Checkpoint Toxicity and Response

  Checkpoint blockade research is linking antitumor efficacy to the same cytotoxic T-cell activation that can produce immune-related injury. Myocarditis and myasthenia gravis remain serious toxicities, with inflammatory cytotoxic lymphocyte populations implicated across affected organs. Other work seeks response markers through transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and immune-cell clonality in lung, colorectal, gastric and cervical cancers. TREX1, SIRPγ and lymphodepleting chemotherapy highlight unresolved trade-offs between immune tolerance, resistance and durable benefit.

  10 papers · 11.5%

• Immunotherapy in Breast Cancer

  Triple-negative breast cancer treatment is moving toward combinations that address immune suppression, immunogenic cell death and metastatic spread. Trop-2 ADCs, chemotherapy, hormone-driven SUMOylation and nanoparticle co-delivery are being evaluated alongside PD-1 pathway activation. MDSC expansion, methylglyoxal stress, gut microbiota and tyrosine metabolism recur as modifiable determinants of response. Obesity, metabolic state and postoperative toxicity remain important constraints on benefit, while the relative value of ADCs, radiotherapy and checkpoint blockade is still unsettled.

  10 papers · 11.5%