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Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII)

Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII), also known as prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein that plays a crucial role in the metabolism of glutamate and is highly expressed in prostate cancer tissues.

Where the papers sit

25 papers from the last 6 months study Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) directly · updated from PubMed 10 Oct 2026

Study type 3 clinical trials · 1 observational · 6 human data · 13 preclinical · 2 unclassified

Themes one subject · 1 paradigm shift

Those 25 are all about one subject.

  • PSMA Cancer Theranostics

    PSMA-directed imaging and therapy are moving toward integrated theranostic strategies for prostate cancer. PET agents are being refined through sugar amino acid linkers, albumin binding, nanoparticles and dual-targeting to improve pharmacokinetics, tumor accumulation and lesion detection. Radionuclide treatment is expanding from [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 to alpha-emitting [225Ac] agents and [161Tb], with evidence spanning clinical outcomes, antitumor immunity and combination delivery. Open questions include PSMA flare interpretation, metastatic mimics, treatment resistance and how best to extend these platforms to other PSMA-expressing tumors.

    25 papers

PARADIGM SHIFT

PSMA/GCPII expression is not sufficiently prostate-cancer-specific or uniform to serve as a standalone disease or target-readout marker

The glioblastoma multiforme mouse model studied with acoustic cluster therapy and [^68Ga]Ga-PSMA-617, and the review of PSMA-PET/CT metastasis mimics, both depart from the assumption that PSMA identifies prostate-cancer tissue selectively and consistently. In the glioblastoma model, PSMA was explored as a target despite low and variable expression, while the metastasis-mimics analysis found PSMA uptake in physiologic tissues and diverse benign and malignant conditions that can resemble prostate-cancer metastases. Together, these findings mean that PSMA/GCPII signal cannot be treated as intrinsically specific for prostate-cancer metastasis or as evidence of uniform target availability; interpretation and targeting must account for expression heterogeneity, lesion anatomy, and clinical context. 42308923Jun 42391030Jul

Papers

The 25 papers from the last 6 months that study Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) directly, newest first, by theme and by study type. Study types come from PubMed publication types and MeSH headings.

By theme

PSMA Cancer Theranostics (25)
  1. Sugar Amino Acid Linkers for the Design of [18F]SiFA-PSMA Radioligands. ChemMedChem · 13 Aug 2026 PMID 42587267
  2. Real-World Outcomes of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 in the French Early-Access Program for Patients with Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine · 6 Aug 2026 PMID 42562607
  3. Prostate specific membrane antigen targeted ultrasmall manganese ferrite nanoparticles for PET/MR imaging of prostate cancer. Journal of materials chemistry. B · 30 Jul 2026 PMID 42529845
  4. Improving Pharmacokinetics of PSMA/GRPR-Targeting Radiolabeled Heterodimer through Enhanced Albumin Binding. Molecular pharmaceutics · 14 Jul 2026 PMID 42447187
  5. Alpha-Particle Therapy with an Actinium-225 Labeled Bivalent Inhibitor of Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen is Therapeutically Efficacious in a Mouse Model of Prostate Cancer. Journal of medicinal chemistry · 4 Jul 2026 PMID 42400871
  6. Dual-Targeted Radionuclide Therapy with 161Tb Instigates Anticancer Immunity in "Cold" Murine Prostate Tumor. Molecular pharmaceutics · 3 Jul 2026 PMID 42397707
  7. Comprehensive Approach to Prostate Cancer Metastasis Mimics at Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen PET/CT. Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc · 2 Jul 2026 PMID 42391030
  8. PSMA-Targeted Dendrimer Delivery of Sorafenib Enhances MAPK Suppression and Anti-Angiogenic Activity in Prostate Cancer. Journal of medicinal chemistry · 24 Jun 2026 PMID 42342430
  9. Systematic Investigation of Fatty Acids with Different Carbon-Chain Length as Albumin Binder to Improve Tumor Accumulation of Radioligands. Bioconjugate chemistry · 23 Jun 2026 PMID 42332998
  10. The DARO-flare trial: evaluating the impact of darolutamide on prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) flare and its implications for imaging and staging of hormone-sensitive prostate cancer - study protocol. BMJ open · 18 Jun 2026 PMID 42315278
  11. Acoustic cluster therapy mediated enhancement of [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-617 in a murine glioblastoma multiforme model verified by simultaneous PET/MRI. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 17 Jun 2026 PMID 42308923
  12. Piggybacking toward Progress for CAR T-Cell Therapy in Prostate Cancer. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 17 Jun 2026 PMID 42307267
  13. Triphosgene-free solid-phase synthesis of urea-containing PSMA-targeting peptides for radiotheranostics: a comparative study. Organic & biomolecular chemistry · 16 Jun 2026 PMID 42300211
  14. Effect of [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET-CT in the diagnosis of prostate cancer in men with equivocal or clinically high-risk non-suspicious findings on multiparametric MRI (PRIMARY2): a multicentre, non-inferiority, phase 3, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. Oncology · 10 Jun 2026 PMID 42269655
  15. Theranostic Study of PSMA-Targeted Radioligands Modified with Enhancer SNAC. Journal of medicinal chemistry · 13 May 2026 PMID 42126983
  16. PSMA-directed nanoprobe enabling precision imaging and MR-guided chemoradiotherapy in prostate cancer. Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 12 May 2026 PMID 42119785
  17. LGALS9 blockade augments vaccine-induced immune responses against prostate cancer. Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 8 May 2026 PMID 42103355
  18. Outcome and Safety of Radioligand Therapy With [ 161 Tb]Tb-PSMA-617 After Re-Progression in mCRPC Patients Previously Treated With [ 177 Lu]Lu-PSMA-617. Clinical nuclear medicine · 4 May 2026 PMID 42080618
  19. Liquid Biopsy Biomarkers in Patients With Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Receiving Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Radioligand Therapy: Protocol for a Prospective, Longitudinal Multicenter Observational Study. JMIR research protocols · 29 Apr 2026 PMID 42054640
  20. PET Imaging of Accessible Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Reveals Dose-Dependent and Tumor Burden-Driven Variability. Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine · 22 Apr 2026 PMID 42020145
  21. Development of Lipid-Engineered PSMA-Targeted Radioligands with Quinoline Scaffold. Journal of medicinal chemistry · 22 Apr 2026 PMID 42017493
  22. Plasma extracellular vesicle proteomics nominates candidate biomarkers of 177Lu-PSMA-617 outcomes in metastatic prostate cancer patients. Cell reports. Medicine · 21 Apr 2026 PMID 42013849
  23. Wash-Free Digital Detection of Tumor Extracellular Vesicles via Plasmonic Droplet Microfluidics. ACS sensors · 21 Apr 2026 PMID 42011810
  24. Novel therapeutic strategies for metastatic castration‑resistant prostate cancer: Beyond androgen receptor pathway inhibition (Review). International journal of oncology · 17 Apr 2026 PMID 41992975
  25. Diagnostic Twins: Exploring the Radiohybrid Concept with Iodine-123 and Lanthanum-133 for PSMA-Targeted SPECT and PET Imaging. Journal of medicinal chemistry · 16 Apr 2026 PMID 41989820

By study type

Clinical trials (3)
  1. The DARO-flare trial: evaluating the impact of darolutamide on prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) flare and its implications for imaging and staging of hormone-sensitive prostate cancer - study protocol. BMJ open · 18 Jun 2026 PMID 42315278
  2. Effect of [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET-CT in the diagnosis of prostate cancer in men with equivocal or clinically high-risk non-suspicious findings on multiparametric MRI (PRIMARY2): a multicentre, non-inferiority, phase 3, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. Oncology · 10 Jun 2026 PMID 42269655
  3. Liquid Biopsy Biomarkers in Patients With Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Receiving Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Radioligand Therapy: Protocol for a Prospective, Longitudinal Multicenter Observational Study. JMIR research protocols · 29 Apr 2026 PMID 42054640
Observational studies and case reports (1)
  1. Plasma extracellular vesicle proteomics nominates candidate biomarkers of 177Lu-PSMA-617 outcomes in metastatic prostate cancer patients. Cell reports. Medicine · 21 Apr 2026 PMID 42013849
Human data, design not indexed (6)
  1. Comprehensive Approach to Prostate Cancer Metastasis Mimics at Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen PET/CT. Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc · 2 Jul 2026 PMID 42391030
  2. Piggybacking toward Progress for CAR T-Cell Therapy in Prostate Cancer. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 17 Jun 2026 PMID 42307267
  3. Triphosgene-free solid-phase synthesis of urea-containing PSMA-targeting peptides for radiotheranostics: a comparative study. Organic & biomolecular chemistry · 16 Jun 2026 PMID 42300211
  4. Outcome and Safety of Radioligand Therapy With [ 161 Tb]Tb-PSMA-617 After Re-Progression in mCRPC Patients Previously Treated With [ 177 Lu]Lu-PSMA-617. Clinical nuclear medicine · 4 May 2026 PMID 42080618
  5. Wash-Free Digital Detection of Tumor Extracellular Vesicles via Plasmonic Droplet Microfluidics. ACS sensors · 21 Apr 2026 PMID 42011810
  6. Novel therapeutic strategies for metastatic castration‑resistant prostate cancer: Beyond androgen receptor pathway inhibition (Review). International journal of oncology · 17 Apr 2026 PMID 41992975
Preclinical: animal, cell and lab studies (13)
  1. Sugar Amino Acid Linkers for the Design of [18F]SiFA-PSMA Radioligands. ChemMedChem · 13 Aug 2026 PMID 42587267
  2. Prostate specific membrane antigen targeted ultrasmall manganese ferrite nanoparticles for PET/MR imaging of prostate cancer. Journal of materials chemistry. B · 30 Jul 2026 PMID 42529845
  3. Improving Pharmacokinetics of PSMA/GRPR-Targeting Radiolabeled Heterodimer through Enhanced Albumin Binding. Molecular pharmaceutics · 14 Jul 2026 PMID 42447187
  4. Alpha-Particle Therapy with an Actinium-225 Labeled Bivalent Inhibitor of Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen is Therapeutically Efficacious in a Mouse Model of Prostate Cancer. Journal of medicinal chemistry · 4 Jul 2026 PMID 42400871
  5. Dual-Targeted Radionuclide Therapy with 161Tb Instigates Anticancer Immunity in "Cold" Murine Prostate Tumor. Molecular pharmaceutics · 3 Jul 2026 PMID 42397707
  6. PSMA-Targeted Dendrimer Delivery of Sorafenib Enhances MAPK Suppression and Anti-Angiogenic Activity in Prostate Cancer. Journal of medicinal chemistry · 24 Jun 2026 PMID 42342430
  7. Systematic Investigation of Fatty Acids with Different Carbon-Chain Length as Albumin Binder to Improve Tumor Accumulation of Radioligands. Bioconjugate chemistry · 23 Jun 2026 PMID 42332998
  8. Acoustic cluster therapy mediated enhancement of [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-617 in a murine glioblastoma multiforme model verified by simultaneous PET/MRI. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 17 Jun 2026 PMID 42308923
  9. Theranostic Study of PSMA-Targeted Radioligands Modified with Enhancer SNAC. Journal of medicinal chemistry · 13 May 2026 PMID 42126983
  10. PSMA-directed nanoprobe enabling precision imaging and MR-guided chemoradiotherapy in prostate cancer. Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 12 May 2026 PMID 42119785
  11. LGALS9 blockade augments vaccine-induced immune responses against prostate cancer. Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 8 May 2026 PMID 42103355
  12. Development of Lipid-Engineered PSMA-Targeted Radioligands with Quinoline Scaffold. Journal of medicinal chemistry · 22 Apr 2026 PMID 42017493
  13. Diagnostic Twins: Exploring the Radiohybrid Concept with Iodine-123 and Lanthanum-133 for PSMA-Targeted SPECT and PET Imaging. Journal of medicinal chemistry · 16 Apr 2026 PMID 41989820
Unclassified: not yet indexed with MeSH (2)
  1. Real-World Outcomes of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 in the French Early-Access Program for Patients with Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine · 6 Aug 2026 PMID 42562607
  2. PET Imaging of Accessible Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Reveals Dose-Dependent and Tumor Burden-Driven Variability. Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine · 22 Apr 2026 PMID 42020145
bioLLM/wiki is a literature-navigation aid for people who read primary research. It is not a medical resource, and it is not a substitute for a clinician, a pharmacist or the source papers themselves. Because the articles are drafted by language models, they can be incomplete or wrong in ways that read fluently. Please see the editorial policy and medical disclaimer before relying on anything here.

Written from 25 PubMed abstracts, each one listed by PMID above. Published: 2026-06-17. Last written: 2026-08-26 by GPT. Drafted by language models from published abstracts; not medical advice.