Vascular endothelial growth factor
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a family of secreted signaling proteins that regulate blood-vessel development, angiogenesis, vascular permeability, and endothelial-cell survival.
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a family of secreted signaling proteins that regulate blood-vessel development, angiogenesis, vascular permeability, and endothelial-cell survival. In humans, the term commonly refers to VEGF-A, the principal product of the VEGFA gene. VEGF-A is induced by tissue hypoxia, in part through hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha (HIF-1α), and is released by endothelial cells, stromal cells, macrophages, tumor cells, and other cell types.
VEGF primarily acts through the tyrosine-kinase receptors VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 on vascular endothelial cells. Receptor activation stimulates intracellular pathways controlling endothelial-cell proliferation, migration, survival, extracellular-matrix remodeling, and vascular permeability. These processes are essential for wound repair and normal vascular development but can also promote pathological angiogenesis in cancer, diabetic retinopathy, neovascular age-related macular degeneration, and other inflammatory or ischemic disorders. VEGF signaling also interacts with inflammation, reactive oxygen species, cytokines such as Interleukin-6 (IL-6), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathways, and the tumor microenvironment.
VEGF is therefore an important therapeutic target. Anti-VEGF antibodies, receptor-trap proteins, and other VEGF-neutralizing agents inhibit abnormal vessel growth or permeability. In ophthalmology, these agents are administered by intravitreal injection for retinal vascular diseases; in oncology, anti-angiogenic treatment may be used as part of combination therapy. Excessive suppression of VEGF can, however, affect normal vascular homeostasis and may be associated with treatment-related adverse effects.
Where the papers sit
22 papers from the last 6 months study vascular endothelial growth factor directly · updated from PubMed 1 Nov 2026
Study type 3 clinical trials · 2 observational · 2 human data · 13 preclinical · 2 unclassified
Themes 4 themes · 1 new direction
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Engineered Angiogenesis for Repair
Controlled VEGF delivery is moving toward biomimetic repair platforms that combine VEGF with FGF-2, PDGF, stem cells, melatonin or cardiac-regenerative agents. GelMA and other hydrogels, plasmid or self-amplifying RNA delivery, and affinity control aim to produce stable vascular networks rather than transient sprouting. Nerve, heart and fibrotic-lung studies show that vessel function, lymphatic drainage and pathological remodeling remain important constraints.
7 papers · 31.8%
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Anti-VEGF Clinical Translation
Anti-VEGF treatment is being refined through real-world follow-up, safety monitoring and adjunctive ocular care, especially for macular disease. Aflibercept 8 mg and tear substitutes address durability and surface toxicity after repeated intravitreal therapy. Oncology studies pair VEGF blockade with nivolumab or use imaging and survival endpoints to guide selection. Applications remain divided between retinal management and experimental cancer therapy.
6 papers · 27.3%
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Diabetic Retinopathy Angiogenesis
Diabetic retinopathy research is moving beyond VEGF alone toward inflammatory and neurovascular mechanisms that govern retinal angiogenesis. Galectin-3 and NET-mediated microglia–neutrophil signaling, along with microglial exosomal miR-31-5p, emerge as targets that disrupt vascular homeostasis. Danegaptide is being evaluated from preclinical work into clinical treatment of nonproliferative disease. The central challenge is suppressing pathological growth without impairing physiological repair.
3 papers · 13.6%
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Others — Angiogenesis Across Disease Contexts
Regenerative studies use VEGF-linked angiogenesis to improve diabetic wounds, burns, bone healing and scarless repair, often with hydrogels, nanoparticles or mechanical stimulation. Cancer-focused work instead tests VEGF neutralization and immune biomarkers. Collagen deposition, CD31-positive vessels and VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling recur as repair endpoints, but the mixed indications support no single therapeutic direction.
6 papers · 27.3%
VEGF acts as a temporally staged coordinator of angiogenesis
The study of phased affinity-controlled delivery of VEGF, FGF-2, and PDGF in an in-vitro angiogenesis model treats VEGF not merely as an angiogenic growth factor to supply or neutralize, but as one component of a sequence whose timing must be coordinated with other factors. By engineering affinity-controlled release to vary the presentation of VEGF-165, FGF-2, and PDGF-BB, the paper makes temporal ordering part of VEGF’s functional role. This shifts the therapeutic implication from simply adding or blocking VEGF to controlling when it is presented during vascular-network formation 42447931Jul.
Papers
The 22 papers from the last 6 months that study vascular endothelial growth factor directly, newest first, by theme and by study type. Study types come from PubMed publication types and MeSH headings.
By theme
Engineered Angiogenesis for Repair (7)
- Lymphatic endothelial senescence is associated with drainage failure despite vessel expansion in pulmonary fibrosis. American journal of physiology. Cell physiology · 23 Sept 2026 PMID 42775509
- Immunohistochemical evaluation of apelin and VEGF expression in cortisol-producing adrenal adenomas. BMC endocrine disorders · 16 Sept 2026 PMID 42750037
- A gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)-based biomimetic melatonin/vascular endothelial growth factor-encoding plasmid (pVEGF) nerve conduit regulates the early redox-angiogenic microenvironment for long-gap peripheral nerve repair. International journal of biological macromolecules · 22 Aug 2026 PMID 42632501
- Engineered adipose-derived stem cells with self-amplifying RNA enhance vascular network formation in porous GelMA hydrogels. Biomaterials science · 14 Aug 2026 PMID 42599124
- Supramolecular recognition-based hydrogels incorporating vascular endothelial growth factor and hesperadin for infarcted myocardial repair and angiogenesis. Acta biomaterialia · 23 Jul 2026 PMID 42492872
- Phased affinity-controlled delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor-2, and platelet derived growth factor enhances in vitro angiogenesis. Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 14 Jul 2026 PMID 42447931
- Biochemical Signature in Deciphering the Metastasis-Associated Lung Adenocarcinoma Transcript 1/microRNA-145 Axis and Its Molecular Correlation with Nuclear Factor Kappa Beta/Transforming Growth Factor-Beta and Apoptotic Proteins Expression in Colorectal Cancer. Journal of interferon & cytokine research : the official journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research · 29 Jun 2026 PMID 42371822
Anti-VEGF Clinical Translation (6)
- Short-term adjunctive use of a liposomal tear substitute after repeated intravitreal therapy: a randomized pilot study. International ophthalmology · 16 Sept 2026 PMID 42749868
- Diffusion histogram analysis predicts progression-free survival in contrast enhancing recurrent IDH mutant gliomas treated with bevacizumab. Journal of neuro-oncology · 10 Sept 2026 PMID 42717134
- Real-world management of chronic pseudophakic cystoid macular oedema: a descriptive case series of treatment timelines and escalation patterns. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 25 Aug 2026 PMID 42640292
- Phase II Trial of First-line Axitinib plus Nivolumab in Patients with Advanced Mucosal Melanoma. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 13 Aug 2026 PMID 42594052
- Real-world safety of aflibercept 8 mg in neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 10 Aug 2026 PMID 42576020
- A dimer peptide ligand of vascular endothelial growth factor slows the progression of human gastric tumors in mouse xenografts. PloS one · 3 Aug 2026 PMID 42545946
Diabetic Retinopathy Angiogenesis (3)
- Preclinical and clinical evaluation of systemic danegaptide for the treatment of nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. Science translational medicine · 23 Sept 2026 PMID 42777083
- Disrupting galectin-3 and NET-mediated microglia-neutrophil cross-talk suppresses pathological retinal angiogenesis. Science translational medicine · 5 Aug 2026 PMID 42555755
- Microglia-derived exosomal miR-31-5p promotes type 2 diabetic retinopathy by impairing physiological angiogenesis homeostasis. Free radical biology & medicine · 2 Jul 2026 PMID 42392284
Others — Angiogenesis Across Disease Contexts (6)
- Remote periosteal distraction promotes ischemic diabetic foot wound repair associated with VEGF/VEGFR2-related angiogenic responses. Journal of molecular histology · 11 Sept 2026 PMID 42726186
- Cytokines and chemokines in plasma as markers reflecting immunophenotype of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Human cell · 2 Sept 2026 PMID 42684559
- Manganese Dioxide Nanozyme-Constituted Composite Hydrogel to Scavenge Reactive Oxygen Species for Scarless Wound Healing. ACS applied materials & interfaces · 31 Aug 2026 PMID 42673945
- Effect of topical application Cinnamon zeylanicum on skin burn healing: Histological and serological study of VEGF marker. Morphologie : bulletin de l'Association des anatomistes · 5 Aug 2026 PMID 42556083
- Bone-targeted delivery of VEGF/BMP2 plasmids using GLG1-modified PLGA nanoparticles for osteoporosis therapy. International journal of pharmaceutics · 27 Jul 2026 PMID 42508511
- Engineering and characterization of a novel PD-L1/VEGF bispecific antibody with enhanced VEGF-neutralizing capacity. Biochemical and biophysical research communications · 10 Jun 2026 PMID 42269274
By study type
Clinical trials (3)
- Preclinical and clinical evaluation of systemic danegaptide for the treatment of nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. Science translational medicine · 23 Sept 2026 PMID 42777083
- Short-term adjunctive use of a liposomal tear substitute after repeated intravitreal therapy: a randomized pilot study. International ophthalmology · 16 Sept 2026 PMID 42749868
- Phase II Trial of First-line Axitinib plus Nivolumab in Patients with Advanced Mucosal Melanoma. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 13 Aug 2026 PMID 42594052
Observational studies and case reports (2)
- Immunohistochemical evaluation of apelin and VEGF expression in cortisol-producing adrenal adenomas. BMC endocrine disorders · 16 Sept 2026 PMID 42750037
- Diffusion histogram analysis predicts progression-free survival in contrast enhancing recurrent IDH mutant gliomas treated with bevacizumab. Journal of neuro-oncology · 10 Sept 2026 PMID 42717134
Human data, design not indexed (2)
- Cytokines and chemokines in plasma as markers reflecting immunophenotype of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Human cell · 2 Sept 2026 PMID 42684559
- Biochemical Signature in Deciphering the Metastasis-Associated Lung Adenocarcinoma Transcript 1/microRNA-145 Axis and Its Molecular Correlation with Nuclear Factor Kappa Beta/Transforming Growth Factor-Beta and Apoptotic Proteins Expression in Colorectal Cancer. Journal of interferon & cytokine research : the official journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research · 29 Jun 2026 PMID 42371822
Preclinical: animal, cell and lab studies (13)
- Lymphatic endothelial senescence is associated with drainage failure despite vessel expansion in pulmonary fibrosis. American journal of physiology. Cell physiology · 23 Sept 2026 PMID 42775509
- Remote periosteal distraction promotes ischemic diabetic foot wound repair associated with VEGF/VEGFR2-related angiogenic responses. Journal of molecular histology · 11 Sept 2026 PMID 42726186
- Manganese Dioxide Nanozyme-Constituted Composite Hydrogel to Scavenge Reactive Oxygen Species for Scarless Wound Healing. ACS applied materials & interfaces · 31 Aug 2026 PMID 42673945
- A gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)-based biomimetic melatonin/vascular endothelial growth factor-encoding plasmid (pVEGF) nerve conduit regulates the early redox-angiogenic microenvironment for long-gap peripheral nerve repair. International journal of biological macromolecules · 22 Aug 2026 PMID 42632501
- Engineered adipose-derived stem cells with self-amplifying RNA enhance vascular network formation in porous GelMA hydrogels. Biomaterials science · 14 Aug 2026 PMID 42599124
- Effect of topical application Cinnamon zeylanicum on skin burn healing: Histological and serological study of VEGF marker. Morphologie : bulletin de l'Association des anatomistes · 5 Aug 2026 PMID 42556083
- Disrupting galectin-3 and NET-mediated microglia-neutrophil cross-talk suppresses pathological retinal angiogenesis. Science translational medicine · 5 Aug 2026 PMID 42555755
- A dimer peptide ligand of vascular endothelial growth factor slows the progression of human gastric tumors in mouse xenografts. PloS one · 3 Aug 2026 PMID 42545946
- Bone-targeted delivery of VEGF/BMP2 plasmids using GLG1-modified PLGA nanoparticles for osteoporosis therapy. International journal of pharmaceutics · 27 Jul 2026 PMID 42508511
- Supramolecular recognition-based hydrogels incorporating vascular endothelial growth factor and hesperadin for infarcted myocardial repair and angiogenesis. Acta biomaterialia · 23 Jul 2026 PMID 42492872
- Phased affinity-controlled delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor-2, and platelet derived growth factor enhances in vitro angiogenesis. Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 14 Jul 2026 PMID 42447931
- Microglia-derived exosomal miR-31-5p promotes type 2 diabetic retinopathy by impairing physiological angiogenesis homeostasis. Free radical biology & medicine · 2 Jul 2026 PMID 42392284
- Engineering and characterization of a novel PD-L1/VEGF bispecific antibody with enhanced VEGF-neutralizing capacity. Biochemical and biophysical research communications · 10 Jun 2026 PMID 42269274
Unclassified: not yet indexed with MeSH (2)
- Real-world management of chronic pseudophakic cystoid macular oedema: a descriptive case series of treatment timelines and escalation patterns. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 25 Aug 2026 PMID 42640292
- Real-world safety of aflibercept 8 mg in neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 10 Aug 2026 PMID 42576020
Written from 22 PubMed abstracts, each one listed by PMID above. Published: 2026-08-20. Last written: 2026-09-25 by GPT. Drafted by language models from published abstracts; not medical advice.