BRAF
BRAF (B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase) is a protein-coding gene that encodes a cytoplasmic serine/threonine-protein kinase in the RAF family.
BRAF (B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase) is a protein-coding gene that encodes a cytoplasmic serine/threonine-protein kinase in the RAF family. It is a central component of the RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and migration. Following activation by RAS, BRAF can promote phosphorylation and activation of MEK proteins, leading to downstream ERK signaling and changes in gene expression.
Activating BRAF mutations are important drivers in multiple cancers. The best-known alteration is BRAF V600E, which produces a constitutively active kinase and enables MAPK signaling independently of normal upstream regulation. BRAF alterations are particularly relevant in melanoma, colorectal cancer, thyroid carcinoma, histiocytic and dendritic cell neoplasms, and other tumors. They may serve as diagnostic, prognostic, or treatment-selection biomarkers and can influence the use of BRAF- and MEK-directed therapies. BRAF signaling is also affected by interactions with RAS, EGFR, PTEN, and other components of growth-factor and intracellular signaling networks.
Where the papers sit
21 papers from the last 6 months study BRAF directly · updated from PubMed 1 Nov 2026
Study type 2 clinical trials · 9 observational · 4 human data · 5 preclinical · 1 unclassified
Themes 4 themes · 1 new direction
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Melanoma Treatment Sequencing
BRAF/MEK inhibition is being integrated with surgery, molecular pathology and biomarker-guided treatment for advanced melanoma. Brain and in-transit metastases remain central clinical settings, with outcomes varying by treatment strategy. pTERT promoter subtypes and circulating thymidine kinase activity may help predict survival and sequence therapy. Pre-operative circulating tumour DNA is moving toward feasibility testing for risk assessment and response monitoring.
5 papers · 23.8%
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BRAF MAPK Signaling
BRAF regulation and MAPK signaling are being connected to tumour progression, inhibitor design and treatment toxicity. ZDHHC5-mediated BRAF palmitoylation activates MAPK signaling in cholangiocarcinoma, highlighting post-translational control as a therapeutic target. New pyrimidine and benzofuran compounds seek selective BRAF or dual VEGFR-2/BRAF inhibition with apoptosis induction. Real-world adverse-event analysis and protein-interaction mapping broaden the focus from kinase blockade to safety and network context.
5 papers · 23.8%
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Targeted Therapy in BRAF-Altered Cancers
BRAF fusions and acquired BRAF alterations are driving targeted treatment across NSCLC and rare hematologic cancers. In EGFR-mutant NSCLC, adding selumetinib after osimertinib progression seeks to overcome MAPK-mediated resistance. BRAF/MEK inhibition produces responses in histiocytic sarcoma, while vemurafenib plus rituximab is being used in hairy cell leukemia. Durable benefit remains dependent on the alteration, disease context and treatment sequence.
4 papers · 19%
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Others — Molecular Cancer Research
Biomarker-guided treatment, molecular diagnostics and drug discovery appear across colorectal, urothelial, thyroid and glioma research. Anti-EGFR outcomes in colorectal cancer are being linked to systemic inflammation and AREG or EREG biology, while biomarker-defined benefit is explored in urothelial cancer. Other work develops mutant BRAF molecular glues, spatial pathology tools and disease-specific treatment guidance. The group has no single clinical direction beyond expanding molecular stratification.
7 papers · 33.3%
BRAF is regulated as a palmitoylated signaling protein, not only as a genetically altered kinase
The cholangiocarcinoma study of ZDHHC5-mediated BRAF palmitoylation found that ZDHHC5 modifies BRAF at Cys194/195, promoting its membrane localization and stability, activating ERK signaling, and driving tumor growth 42134490May. This departs from the set’s usual treatment of BRAF as a mutation-defined kinase target by assigning it a post-translationally regulated role in tumor biology. As a result, the ZDHHC5–BRAF–ERK axis, rather than BRAF mutation status alone, becomes a potential mechanism and therapeutic point of intervention.
Papers
The 21 papers from the last 6 months that study BRAF directly, newest first, by theme and by study type. Study types come from PubMed publication types and MeSH headings.
By theme
Melanoma Treatment Sequencing (5)
- Pre-operative circulating tumour DNA in high-risk primary cutaneous melanoma: prospective feasibility in molecular pathology. Acta oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden) · 9 Sept 2026 PMID 42714248
- Circulating Thymidine Kinase Activity Predicts Survival and Optimal Treatment Sequencing in BRAF-Mutated Metastatic Melanoma in the SECOMBIT Trial. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 4 Aug 2026 PMID 42550831
- Impact of BRAF inhibitors on surgical outcomes in melanoma brain metastases: Evidence from a multicenter observational study. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia · 15 Jul 2026 PMID 42456530
- Association Between pTERT Promoter Mutation Subtypes and Survival Outcomes in BRAF-Mutant Metastatic Melanoma Treated With BRAF/MEK Inhibitors: An Exploratory Study. International journal of dermatology · 8 Jul 2026 PMID 42415286
- Response and survival in unresectable in-transit metastatic melanoma according to treatment strategy. European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990) · 23 Jun 2026 PMID 42335571
BRAF MAPK Signaling (5)
- Novel benzofuran-1,3,4-thiadiazole aryl urea hybrids as dual VEGFR-2/BRAF inhibitors: anticancer activity, apoptosis induction, and molecular modeling studies. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry · 6 Aug 2026 PMID 42561779
- Unveiling Large-Scale Kinase-Centric Protein-Protein Interactions through a Knowledge-Informed Workflow. Journal of chemical information and modeling · 10 Jul 2026 PMID 42427025
- Design and Synthesis of Pyrimidino[4,5-d]Pyrimidine-Based Compounds as Potent B-RAF V600E Inhibitors. ChemMedChem · 28 May 2026 PMID 42208521
- Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions Associated With BRAF and MEK Inhibitors: A Real-World Analysis of WHO Pharmacovigilance Data. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 24 May 2026 PMID 42177750
- ZDHHC5-mediated BRAF palmitoylation activates the MAPK pathway and drives cholangiocarcinoma progression. Cancer letters · 14 May 2026 PMID 42134490
Targeted Therapy in BRAF-Altered Cancers (4)
- BRAF fusions define therapeutic vulnerability and tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance in non-small cell lung cancer. Lung cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 3 Aug 2026 PMID 42546514
- Low-dose vemurafenib plus rituximab in frontline and relapsed or refractory hairy cell leukemia: the Scripps regimen. Blood advances · 17 Jun 2026 PMID 42308249
- Secondary BRAF-mutated histiocytic/dendritic cell sarcoma transdifferentiated from follicular lymphoma with prolonged response to BRAF/MEK inhibition and subsequent evolution to high-grade B-cell lymphoma. Journal of clinical pathology · 9 Jun 2026 PMID 42264920
- Osimertinib plus selumetinib in patients with EGFR-mutated advanced NSCLC with BRAF alterations post-progression on first-line osimertinib: ORCHARD. European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990) · 27 May 2026 PMID 42202477
Others — Molecular Cancer Research (7)
- Systemic inflammation and prognosis in patients with RAS/BRAF wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer receiving anti-EGFR therapy: A real-world cohort study. Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland · 26 Sept 2026 PMID 42798176
- Sorafenib/piroxicam therapy with biomarker-defined survival benefit in canine muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma. Scientific reports · 2 Sept 2026 PMID 42680778
- DF-S4: Disentangled FiLM-Conditioned Molecular Generation Using the S4 Architecture. Journal of chemical information and modeling · 23 Jul 2026 PMID 42489643
- Updated Dutch 2026 pediatric differentiated thyroid carcinoma guideline: aligning with Europe. European journal of endocrinology · 23 Jul 2026 PMID 42489130
- A molecular glue to take down mutant BRAF. Science signaling · 14 Jul 2026 PMID 42447212
- Spatial biomarker discovery via interpretable semantic learning in histopathology. Cancer cell · 11 Jun 2026 PMID 42276049
- BRAF-altered glioma in adults and children: A Society for Neuro-Oncology (SNO) and European Society for Neuro-Oncology (EANO) consensus review on clinical management and future directions. Neuro-oncology · 9 Jun 2026 PMID 42261252
By study type
Clinical trials (2)
- Circulating Thymidine Kinase Activity Predicts Survival and Optimal Treatment Sequencing in BRAF-Mutated Metastatic Melanoma in the SECOMBIT Trial. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 4 Aug 2026 PMID 42550831
- Osimertinib plus selumetinib in patients with EGFR-mutated advanced NSCLC with BRAF alterations post-progression on first-line osimertinib: ORCHARD. European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990) · 27 May 2026 PMID 42202477
Observational studies and case reports (9)
- Systemic inflammation and prognosis in patients with RAS/BRAF wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer receiving anti-EGFR therapy: A real-world cohort study. Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland · 26 Sept 2026 PMID 42798176
- Pre-operative circulating tumour DNA in high-risk primary cutaneous melanoma: prospective feasibility in molecular pathology. Acta oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden) · 9 Sept 2026 PMID 42714248
- BRAF fusions define therapeutic vulnerability and tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance in non-small cell lung cancer. Lung cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 3 Aug 2026 PMID 42546514
- Impact of BRAF inhibitors on surgical outcomes in melanoma brain metastases: Evidence from a multicenter observational study. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia · 15 Jul 2026 PMID 42456530
- Association Between pTERT Promoter Mutation Subtypes and Survival Outcomes in BRAF-Mutant Metastatic Melanoma Treated With BRAF/MEK Inhibitors: An Exploratory Study. International journal of dermatology · 8 Jul 2026 PMID 42415286
- Response and survival in unresectable in-transit metastatic melanoma according to treatment strategy. European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990) · 23 Jun 2026 PMID 42335571
- Low-dose vemurafenib plus rituximab in frontline and relapsed or refractory hairy cell leukemia: the Scripps regimen. Blood advances · 17 Jun 2026 PMID 42308249
- Secondary BRAF-mutated histiocytic/dendritic cell sarcoma transdifferentiated from follicular lymphoma with prolonged response to BRAF/MEK inhibition and subsequent evolution to high-grade B-cell lymphoma. Journal of clinical pathology · 9 Jun 2026 PMID 42264920
- Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions Associated With BRAF and MEK Inhibitors: A Real-World Analysis of WHO Pharmacovigilance Data. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 24 May 2026 PMID 42177750
Human data, design not indexed (4)
- Updated Dutch 2026 pediatric differentiated thyroid carcinoma guideline: aligning with Europe. European journal of endocrinology · 23 Jul 2026 PMID 42489130
- A molecular glue to take down mutant BRAF. Science signaling · 14 Jul 2026 PMID 42447212
- Unveiling Large-Scale Kinase-Centric Protein-Protein Interactions through a Knowledge-Informed Workflow. Journal of chemical information and modeling · 10 Jul 2026 PMID 42427025
- Spatial biomarker discovery via interpretable semantic learning in histopathology. Cancer cell · 11 Jun 2026 PMID 42276049
Preclinical: animal, cell and lab studies (5)
- Sorafenib/piroxicam therapy with biomarker-defined survival benefit in canine muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma. Scientific reports · 2 Sept 2026 PMID 42680778
- Novel benzofuran-1,3,4-thiadiazole aryl urea hybrids as dual VEGFR-2/BRAF inhibitors: anticancer activity, apoptosis induction, and molecular modeling studies. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry · 6 Aug 2026 PMID 42561779
- DF-S4: Disentangled FiLM-Conditioned Molecular Generation Using the S4 Architecture. Journal of chemical information and modeling · 23 Jul 2026 PMID 42489643
- Design and Synthesis of Pyrimidino[4,5-d]Pyrimidine-Based Compounds as Potent B-RAF V600E Inhibitors. ChemMedChem · 28 May 2026 PMID 42208521
- ZDHHC5-mediated BRAF palmitoylation activates the MAPK pathway and drives cholangiocarcinoma progression. Cancer letters · 14 May 2026 PMID 42134490
Unclassified: not yet indexed with MeSH (1)
- BRAF-altered glioma in adults and children: A Society for Neuro-Oncology (SNO) and European Society for Neuro-Oncology (EANO) consensus review on clinical management and future directions. Neuro-oncology · 9 Jun 2026 PMID 42261252
Written from 21 PubMed abstracts, each one listed by PMID above. Published: 2026-08-20. Last written: 2026-09-11 by GPT. Drafted by language models from published abstracts; not medical advice.