Toll-like receptor 4

Recent Findings on Toll-like receptor 4

• In a study of Jiajian Yiguan decoction for Sjögren's syndrome, TLR4 was examined as part of a TLR4–MyD88–NF-κB inflammatory pathway. The investigators assessed submandibular-gland histopathology, CD4+/CD8+ T-lymphocyte ratios, aquaporin-5 (AQP5), serum tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and anti-AQP5 autoantibodies. TLR4, MyD88, AQP5, and inhibitory kappa B-alpha protein expression were measured by Western blotting, while NF-κB DNA-binding activity and NF-κB subunit composition were evaluated using electrophoretic mobility shift assays 42092476May.

• A reverse-vaccinology and immunoinformatics study designed a neoantigen-based multi-epitope vaccine against glioblastoma. Molecular docking was used to evaluate interactions between the proposed vaccine and MHC-I, MHC-II, and TLR4. The reported binding affinities were −886.5 kcal/mol for MHC-I, −1050.2 kcal/mol for MHC-II, and −1018.3 kcal/mol for TLR4 42284765Jun. These findings describe an in-silico interaction analysis rather than clinical or experimental validation of vaccine efficacy.

• Isorhapontigenin was investigated in a mouse model of Alzheimer-like pathology induced by lipopolysaccharide. The study focused on a TLR4/RAGE-mediated phosphorylated NF-κB pathway and examined related neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta signaling, tau pathology, amyloid-β accumulation, glial activation, and synaptic health. The work therefore positioned TLR4 alongside RAGE and NF-κB as a molecular framework for studying neurodegenerative injury and the reported neuroprotective effect of isorhapontigenin 42700283Sep.

• Research on Kushen Tongguan Pill in benign prostatic hyperplasia examined the TLR4/NF-κB pathway and macrophage M1 polarization. Reverse-transcription quantitative PCR was used to measure tissue mRNA expression of TLR4, NF-κB p65, IKKα, IKKβ, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1β, MCP-1, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. The study thus linked TLR4-associated signaling to inflammatory cytokine expression and macrophage-state analysis in prostate tissue 42696233Sep.

• In cancer immunotherapy, tumor-directed TLR agonism was combined with CAR T cells targeting O-glycosylated fibronectin. Agonism of tumoral TLR2/6 or TLR4 restored the cytolytic activity of FDC6-BBζ CAR T cells against interferon-γ-receptor-1-deficient targets and induced broad inflammatory and stress-response programs. This study examined TLR4 agonism as a means of overcoming tumor resistance to engineered T-cell killing 42397032Jul.

• A study of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide investigated intestinal barrier dysfunction in aging mice through gut microbiota–metabolite modulation and inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Network pharmacology was used to predict relevant signaling pathways, followed by experimental validation and reverse confirmation using a TLR4 agonist. The work connected TLR4 signaling with intestinal barrier biology, microbial metabolites, and age-associated dysfunction 42442028Jul.

• Pioglitazone was evaluated in mice with sepsis-associated encephalopathy in the context of PPARγ-dependent regulation. Treatment decreased Evans blue leakage, increased Claudin-5, suppressed TLR4/NF-κB-associated inflammation, lowered tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6, increased interleukin-10, and reduced neuronal apoptosis. The reported effects were largely reversed by the PPARγ antagonist GW9662, supporting the study’s focus on a PPARγ-linked mechanism involving TLR4/NF-κB-associated inflammation 42669896Aug.

• A clinical-prognostic investigation in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer assessed the significance of TLR4 expression. The study examined associations between TLR4, genes related to epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and selected microRNAs, with the aim of evaluating TLR4 as a prognostic and regulatory factor in bladder cancer 42667340Aug.

• AMBMP hydrochloride was studied in a streptozotocin-induced mouse model of Alzheimer-type dementia. The investigation focused on the interplay between Wnt/β-catenin signaling and TLR4-mediated inflammation, using a Wnt/β-catenin agonist and palmitic acid as a TLR4-pathway modulator. The reported research framework connected TLR4 with neuroinflammation and Wnt/β-catenin signaling in an Alzheimer-type disease model 42668333Aug.