Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING)
STING1 (Stimulator of interferon Genes 1), encoded by the gene TMEM173, is a transmembrane adaptor protein that serves as a central hub in the innate immune sensing pathway.
STING1 (Stimulator of interferon Genes 1), encoded by the gene TMEM173, is a transmembrane adaptor protein that serves as a central hub in the innate immune sensing pathway. Located on the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, STING1 functions downstream of Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (Cgas), which detects cytosolic double-stranded DNA from damaged, infected, or malignant cells. Upon activation by cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) — including the second messenger cGAMP produced by Cgas — STING1 undergoes conformational changes that recruit and activate TBK1 and IRF3, ultimately driving transcription of type I interferons and other pro-inflammatory cytokines. This signaling cascade, collectively known as the Cgas–Sting pathway, bridges the detection of nucleic acid danger signals to a robust adaptive immune response, making the TP53/Cgas/Sting axis a critical checkpoint in tumor surveillance and antiviral defense.
Because STING1 occupies a nodal position in innate immunity, it has attracted intense interest as a therapeutic target in oncology and inflammatory disease. Pharmacological agonists of STING1 can reprogram the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment by recruiting and activating dendritic cells and other immune effectors, thereby potentiating cancer immunotherapy. Conversely, in conditions of chronic sterile inflammation — such as pulmonary fibrosis — pathological STING1 activity in macrophages drives tissue damage, making its targeted silencing equally therapeutically relevant.
Where the papers sit
11 papers from the last 6 months study Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) directly · updated from PubMed 12 Oct 2026
Study type 0 clinical trials · 1 human data · 9 preclinical · 1 unclassified
Themes 3 themes · 1 new direction
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STING Cancer Immunotherapy
STING activation is being paired with vaccines, radiotherapy, and immune-checkpoint targeting to convert immune-silent tumors into T-cell-responsive disease. Personalized autologous vaccines and dendritic-cell PD-L1 suppression aim to improve antigen presentation, while Mn2+-releasing nanoparticles enhance radio-immunotherapy. TIGIT nanotrapping addresses T-cell exhaustion and innate immune silence, whereas dendritic-cell autophagy and neutrophils emerge as limits to intratumoral treatment. The field is moving toward combination regimens that remodel both myeloid and lymphoid resistance mechanisms.
5 papers · 45.5%
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Inflammation-Targeted Nanotherapy
Redox control, immune modulation, and targeted delivery recur across therapies for autoimmune, fibrotic, and malignant disease. Reactive oxygen species scavenging is paired with immunomodulation in autoimmune uveitis, while tumor microenvironment cues activate RNA-boosted photo-STING therapy. In pulmonary fibrosis, inhaled PROTAC nanococktails shift attention toward localized protein degradation. The shared direction is multifunctional nanomedicine, but the disease settings and mechanisms remain distinct.
3 papers · 27.3%
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STING-Driven Inflammation
STING inhibition is being developed across autoinflammatory, neuroinflammatory, and infectious disease contexts. Monotropein and the herbal formulation JieZe-1 are linked to reduced cGAS/STING signaling alongside improvement in inflammatory or coinfective outcomes. A molecular glue instead induces aberrant STING oligomerization, showing that noncanonical pathway modulation can suppress autoinflammation without simple pathway blockade. The recurring focus is translating molecular and cellular STING measurements into disease-directed anti-inflammatory therapy.
3 papers · 27.3%
STING can be inhibited by chemically trapping it in a noncanonical oligomeric state
Autoinflammatory diseases treated with benzofuran molecular glues show that STING inhibition need not result from simply blocking canonical pathway activation: DDO-6513 and related compounds induce an unconventional “head-to-head” STING dimerization that differs from the linear polymers formed during activation, thereby suppressing STING responses across multiple isoforms, disease-associated gain-of-function mutants, and HSV-1 infection 42547770Aug. This assigns STING a new druggable structural role as a target whose oligomeric architecture can be deliberately misassembled to inhibit signaling, expanding the set’s activation-versus-blockade framework to include aberrant polymerization as the mechanism of control.
Papers
The 11 papers from the last 6 months that study Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) directly, newest first, by theme and by study type. Study types come from PubMed publication types and MeSH headings.
By theme
STING Cancer Immunotherapy (5)
- A dendritic cell autophagy-neutrophil axis limits intratumoral STING immunotherapy. Science immunology · 14 Aug 2026 PMID 42600042
- "Yong" syndrome-cGAS-STING axis: a TCM syndrome-based hypothesis for overcoming primary anti-PD-1 resistance in gastric cancer. Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 4 Aug 2026 PMID 42552062
- Personalized Autologous Vaccines Activate Stimulator of Interferon Gene and Suppress Dendritic Cell Programmed Death Ligand 1 to Potentiate Antitumor Immunity. ACS nano · 27 Jul 2026 PMID 42503762
- A TIGIT nanotrapping-guided STING-activatable immunometabolic strategy overcomes innate immune silence and T cell exhaustion in breast cancer. Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 18 Jun 2026 PMID 42314987
- X-Ray-Responsive Mn2+ Release via Scintillating Nanoparticles Drives cGAS-STING Activation for Enhanced Radio-Immunotherapy. Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 23 Apr 2026 PMID 42023514
Inflammation-Targeted Nanotherapy (3)
- Tumor Microenvironment-Triggered Nanocrystal-to-Nanocrystal Transformation for RNA-Boosted Photo-STING Therapy. Journal of the American Chemical Society · 9 Sept 2026 PMID 42714526
- Synchronous Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging and Immunomodulation for Autoimmune Uveitis Therapy by a Mannosylated Biomimetic Nanocloak. ACS nano · 18 Aug 2026 PMID 42611245
- Inhalable Polymeric PROTAC Nanococktail for Targeted Protein Degradation in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Journal of the American Chemical Society · 24 Jun 2026 PMID 42341263
STING-Driven Inflammation (3)
- A molecular glue induces aberrant STING oligomerization and inhibits autoinflammatory diseases. Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 4 Aug 2026 PMID 42547770
- The active ingredient Monotropein in Morinda officinalis alleviates neuroinflammation via inhibiting cGAS/STING signaling pathway. International immunopharmacology · 18 May 2026 PMID 42150287
- Efficacy and mechanism of topical Chinese herbal formulation JieZe-1 on female lower genital tract co-infection with HSV-2 and Candida albicans via upregulating the cGAS/STING/IFN-I pathway. Journal of ethnopharmacology · 11 May 2026 PMID 42114577
By study type
Human data, design not indexed (1)
- "Yong" syndrome-cGAS-STING axis: a TCM syndrome-based hypothesis for overcoming primary anti-PD-1 resistance in gastric cancer. Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 4 Aug 2026 PMID 42552062
Preclinical: animal, cell and lab studies (9)
- Tumor Microenvironment-Triggered Nanocrystal-to-Nanocrystal Transformation for RNA-Boosted Photo-STING Therapy. Journal of the American Chemical Society · 9 Sept 2026 PMID 42714526
- Synchronous Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging and Immunomodulation for Autoimmune Uveitis Therapy by a Mannosylated Biomimetic Nanocloak. ACS nano · 18 Aug 2026 PMID 42611245
- A dendritic cell autophagy-neutrophil axis limits intratumoral STING immunotherapy. Science immunology · 14 Aug 2026 PMID 42600042
- A molecular glue induces aberrant STING oligomerization and inhibits autoinflammatory diseases. Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 4 Aug 2026 PMID 42547770
- Personalized Autologous Vaccines Activate Stimulator of Interferon Gene and Suppress Dendritic Cell Programmed Death Ligand 1 to Potentiate Antitumor Immunity. ACS nano · 27 Jul 2026 PMID 42503762
- Inhalable Polymeric PROTAC Nanococktail for Targeted Protein Degradation in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Journal of the American Chemical Society · 24 Jun 2026 PMID 42341263
- A TIGIT nanotrapping-guided STING-activatable immunometabolic strategy overcomes innate immune silence and T cell exhaustion in breast cancer. Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 18 Jun 2026 PMID 42314987
- The active ingredient Monotropein in Morinda officinalis alleviates neuroinflammation via inhibiting cGAS/STING signaling pathway. International immunopharmacology · 18 May 2026 PMID 42150287
- Efficacy and mechanism of topical Chinese herbal formulation JieZe-1 on female lower genital tract co-infection with HSV-2 and Candida albicans via upregulating the cGAS/STING/IFN-I pathway. Journal of ethnopharmacology · 11 May 2026 PMID 42114577
Unclassified: not yet indexed with MeSH (1)
- X-Ray-Responsive Mn2+ Release via Scintillating Nanoparticles Drives cGAS-STING Activation for Enhanced Radio-Immunotherapy. Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 23 Apr 2026 PMID 42023514
Written from 11 PubMed abstracts, each one listed by PMID above. Published: 2026-06-15. Last written: 2026-09-11 by GPT. Drafted by language models from published abstracts; not medical advice.