Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX)
Carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9), also known as Carbonic anhydrase (CA) IX, is a membrane-associated enzyme in the Carbonic anhydrase (CA) family.
Carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9), also known as Carbonic anhydrase (CA) IX, is a membrane-associated enzyme in the Carbonic anhydrase (CA) family. It is widely recognized as a hypoxia-associated marker and a cancer-relevant protein because of its role in regulating tumor pH and supporting survival in low-Oxygen microenvironments. By contributing to acid–base balance at the cell surface, CA9 can help tumor cells adapt to hypoxia, promote aggressive behavior, and influence response to therapy.
In biomedical research, CA9 is studied both as a biomarker and as a therapeutic target. Its expression is often linked to invasive phenotypes and treatment resistance in solid tumors, including renal cell carcinoma, triple-negative breast cancer, anal squamous cell carcinoma, and other malignancies such as colorectal, head/neck, melanoma, and prostate tumors. Because of its tumor-associated expression pattern, CA9 has also been explored for molecular imaging and for selective inhibition strategies, including combinations with other cancer-associated enzymes such as Carbonic anhydrase (CA) XII.
Where the papers sit
13 papers from the last 6 months study Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) directly · updated from PubMed 3 Oct 2026
Study type 0 clinical trials · 1 observational · 2 human data · 10 preclinical
Themes 3 themes · 1 new direction
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Renal Cancer Theranostics
CA IX-targeted imaging is advancing from tracer design toward paired diagnosis and radionuclide therapy in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. 68Ga probes and the [68Ga]Ga/[177Lu]Lu-NYM096 pair are being evaluated for biodistribution, tumor localization, and theranostic potential. The clinical direction is early translation, with preclinical work joined by a first-in-human study. CA9 prognostic analysis in anal cancer and glycolysis-focused work in hepatocellular carcinoma broaden the cluster beyond renal imaging.
6 papers · 46.2%
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Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
Selective carbonic anhydrase inhibition is moving toward isoform-focused benzenesulfonamides with potential chemosensitizing use. Bis-triazole-, diazo-, and pyrazole-carboxamide-linked compounds are tested against CA IX/XII alongside CA I/II to define selectivity. The work also links CA IX activity to epithelial invasion in triple-negative breast cancer. Whether inhibition can suppress invasion as well as improve drug response remains open.
3 papers · 23.1%
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Others — Tumor Microenvironment Therapy
Acidic and stromal barriers are recurring targets for interventions that combine tumor imaging, drug delivery, and immune modulation. An alkaline-hammer strategy seeks to induce alkaliptosis and improve immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer, while FAP-CAIX ligands address precision radiotherapy. Other work profiles immune biomarkers in pediatric gliomas or tests plant-derived anticancer compounds. The shared theme is the tumor microenvironment, but disease settings and endpoints vary without a single therapeutic direction.
4 papers · 30.8%
CAIX is a driver of invasiveness in epithelial triple-negative breast cancer cells
Sequential invasion assays in epithelial and mesenchymal-like triple-negative breast cancer cell lines found that CAIX drives invasiveness in epithelial tumor cells 42013067Apr. The other papers treat CAIX primarily as a hypoxia-associated enzyme or marker, a regulator of tumor pH and therapy resistance, a prognostic feature, or an imaging and therapeutic target. This study instead assigns CAIX a direct mechanistic role in the acquisition of an invasive, chemotherapy-resistant, stem cell-like phenotype by epithelial cells, expanding CAIX from a marker or therapeutic target to a driver of tumor-cell behavior.
Papers
The 13 papers from the last 6 months that study Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) directly, newest first, by theme and by study type. Study types come from PubMed publication types and MeSH headings.
By theme
Renal Cancer Theranostics (6)
- Development of a Novel 68Ga-Labeled Radiotracer Targeting Carbonic Anhydrase IX for the Diagnosis of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Molecular pharmaceutics · 13 Jul 2026 PMID 42439293
- Exploration of the Key Mechanism by Which Kaempferol Inhibits Glycolysis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells via the AKT-mTOR Pathway. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 20 Jun 2026 PMID 42322592
- Preclinical Assessment of a SuFEx-Modified, CAIX-Targeted PET Probe [68Ga]Ga-SF-DPI-4452 for Imaging Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Journal of medicinal chemistry · 8 May 2026 PMID 42102316
- Prognostic value of DICER and CA9 expression in patients with anal squamous cell carcinoma treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy. European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990) · 6 May 2026 PMID 42090844
- Development and preclinical evaluation of NYM074 as a novel Theranostic ligand targeting carbonic anhydrase IX in renal cell carcinoma. Bioorganic chemistry · 20 Apr 2026 PMID 42008867
- Preclinical and First-in-Human Study of Carbonic Anhydrase IX-Targeting Theranostic Pair, [68Ga]Ga/[177Lu]Lu-NYM096, in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine · 16 Apr 2026 PMID 41991341
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (3)
- Investigating the Inhibitory Properties of Diazo and Pyrazole-Carboxamide-Linked Benzenesulfonamides Against Carbonic Anhydrase Isoforms I, II, IX, and XII. ChemMedChem · 7 Jul 2026 PMID 42410713
- Design and Synthesis of Bis-Triazole-Linked Benzenesulfonamides as Selective Carbonic Anhydrase IX/XII Inhibitors with Chemosensitizing Activity. Journal of medicinal chemistry · 30 Apr 2026 PMID 42059120
- Sequential invasion assays identify carbonic anhydrase IX as a driver of invasiveness in epithelial triple-negative breast cancer cells. American journal of physiology. Cell physiology · 21 Apr 2026 PMID 42013067
Others — Tumor Microenvironment Therapy (4)
- "Alkaline-Hammer Strategy" Breaks Acidic and Stromal Barriers to Induce Alkaliptosis and Enhance Immunotherapy in Pancreatic Cancer. Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 15 Jul 2026 PMID 42454703
- Valorization of Moringa oleifera pericarp via semi-synthetic sugar-based enone derivatives with anticancer potential: phytochemical isolation, cytotoxic evaluation, and dual EGFR/CAIX targeting. Scientific reports · 4 Jul 2026 PMID 42401652
- PEG4-Modified FAP-CAIX Heterodimeric Radioligand for Precision Imaging and Radiotherapy. Journal of medicinal chemistry · 29 Jun 2026 PMID 42367011
- Expression patterns of carbonic anhydrase IX and immune response biomarkers in pediatric gliomas and glioneuronal tumors. Journal of neuro-oncology · 24 Jun 2026 PMID 42340514
By study type
Observational studies and case reports (1)
- Expression patterns of carbonic anhydrase IX and immune response biomarkers in pediatric gliomas and glioneuronal tumors. Journal of neuro-oncology · 24 Jun 2026 PMID 42340514
Human data, design not indexed (2)
- Valorization of Moringa oleifera pericarp via semi-synthetic sugar-based enone derivatives with anticancer potential: phytochemical isolation, cytotoxic evaluation, and dual EGFR/CAIX targeting. Scientific reports · 4 Jul 2026 PMID 42401652
- Prognostic value of DICER and CA9 expression in patients with anal squamous cell carcinoma treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy. European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990) · 6 May 2026 PMID 42090844
Preclinical: animal, cell and lab studies (10)
- "Alkaline-Hammer Strategy" Breaks Acidic and Stromal Barriers to Induce Alkaliptosis and Enhance Immunotherapy in Pancreatic Cancer. Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 15 Jul 2026 PMID 42454703
- Development of a Novel 68Ga-Labeled Radiotracer Targeting Carbonic Anhydrase IX for the Diagnosis of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Molecular pharmaceutics · 13 Jul 2026 PMID 42439293
- Investigating the Inhibitory Properties of Diazo and Pyrazole-Carboxamide-Linked Benzenesulfonamides Against Carbonic Anhydrase Isoforms I, II, IX, and XII. ChemMedChem · 7 Jul 2026 PMID 42410713
- PEG4-Modified FAP-CAIX Heterodimeric Radioligand for Precision Imaging and Radiotherapy. Journal of medicinal chemistry · 29 Jun 2026 PMID 42367011
- Exploration of the Key Mechanism by Which Kaempferol Inhibits Glycolysis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells via the AKT-mTOR Pathway. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 20 Jun 2026 PMID 42322592
- Preclinical Assessment of a SuFEx-Modified, CAIX-Targeted PET Probe [68Ga]Ga-SF-DPI-4452 for Imaging Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Journal of medicinal chemistry · 8 May 2026 PMID 42102316
- Design and Synthesis of Bis-Triazole-Linked Benzenesulfonamides as Selective Carbonic Anhydrase IX/XII Inhibitors with Chemosensitizing Activity. Journal of medicinal chemistry · 30 Apr 2026 PMID 42059120
- Sequential invasion assays identify carbonic anhydrase IX as a driver of invasiveness in epithelial triple-negative breast cancer cells. American journal of physiology. Cell physiology · 21 Apr 2026 PMID 42013067
- Development and preclinical evaluation of NYM074 as a novel Theranostic ligand targeting carbonic anhydrase IX in renal cell carcinoma. Bioorganic chemistry · 20 Apr 2026 PMID 42008867
- Preclinical and First-in-Human Study of Carbonic Anhydrase IX-Targeting Theranostic Pair, [68Ga]Ga/[177Lu]Lu-NYM096, in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine · 16 Apr 2026 PMID 41991341
Written from 13 PubMed abstracts, each one listed by PMID above. Published: 2026-06-24. Last written: 2026-08-26 by GPT. Drafted by language models from published abstracts; not medical advice.