Coagulation factor II (F2)
Coagulation factor II, thrombin is a central serine protease in the coagulation cascade and the active enzymatic form of prothrombin (coagulation factor II).
Coagulation factor II, thrombin is a central serine protease in the coagulation cascade and the active enzymatic form of prothrombin (coagulation factor II). It plays a pivotal role in hemostasis by converting fibrinogen to fibrin, promoting clot formation, and amplifying coagulation through activation of other clotting factors and platelets. Because of these functions, thrombin is both a key physiological mediator of blood clotting and an important therapeutic target in thrombosis and anticoagulation research.
Beyond its classical role in coagulation, thrombin is also implicated in inflammatory and fibrotic signaling. Recent biomedical studies have linked thrombin activity to disease processes such as sepsis, pulmonary fibrosis, and broader coagulation abnormalities. Its signaling effects can involve pathways such as PAR-1-mediated responses and interactions with growth factors including TGF-β1 and VEGF, making thrombin relevant not only to thrombosis but also to inflammation, tissue remodeling, and vascular pathology.
Where the papers sit
10 papers from the last 6 months study Coagulation factor II (F2) directly · updated from PubMed 3 Nov 2026
Study type 0 clinical trials · 2 observational · 2 human data · 6 preclinical
Themes 3 themes
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Thrombin-Linked Cancer and Thrombosis
Thrombin signaling links coagulation to tumor progression, vascular infarction, and systemic prothrombotic states. PAR1 signaling regulates Top1 in breast cancer, tying inflammation to progression. Thrombin-conjugated CpG nanogels seek tumor-vessel infarction with immune activation, while abdominal fat measures track sex-specific thrombosis risk. DNA nanostructures instead use thrombin activation for ratiometric ECL/SERS detection, leaving clinical translation and biosafety open.
4 papers · 40%
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Thrombin Inhibitor Discovery
Allosteric and reversible thrombin inhibitors are being pursued alongside peptide and plant-derived serine-protease inhibitors. AI-guided screening and DCC discovery emphasize binding potency, including a reversible sub-picomolar inhibitor. Mechanistic modeling and mass spectrometry support target engagement, while macrocyclic 6-mercaptopurine compounds extend inhibition toward combined skin-cancer treatment. Cellular efficacy, selectivity, and safety remain less established than in vitro potency.
4 papers · 40%
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Others — Inflammatory Injury Therapies
Snakebite edema and ischemic-stroke injury are addressed through distinct anti-inflammatory strategies rather than a single therapeutic program. Protobothrops mucrosquamatus work attributes persistent edema to mismatch between phospholipase A2 activity and antivenom affinity. Curcumae Rhizoma research targets COX-2-mediated neuroinflammation and neuroprotection after ischemia. The shared emphasis is inflammatory tissue damage, with no clear convergence in mechanism or clinical direction.
2 papers · 20%
Papers
The 10 papers from the last 6 months that study Coagulation factor II (F2) directly, newest first, by theme and by study type. Study types come from PubMed publication types and MeSH headings.
By theme
Thrombin-Linked Cancer and Thrombosis (4)
- Thrombin-conjugated cationic nanogels loaded with CpG enhance tumor vessel infarction by interpenetrating double gel network and immune activation. Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces · 10 Jul 2026 PMID 42431117
- Programmable Fc-encoded DNA tile-cube capture enables a thrombin-activated ratiometric ECL/SERS biosensor via a PAM-engineered toehold switch and CRISPR/Cas12a cleavage. Analytica chimica acta · 4 Jun 2026 PMID 42242804
- Thrombin-PAR1 signaling regulates Topoisomerase 1 activity to bridge inflammation and breast cancer progression. Cancer letters · 31 May 2026 PMID 42219057
- Abdominal Fat Measures Are Associated With Sex-Specific Prothrombotic Changes in Middle-Aged Adults. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology · 14 May 2026 PMID 42131917
Thrombin Inhibitor Discovery (4)
- Discovery of a Reversible Sub-Picomolar Thrombin Inhibitor Using DCC. Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 15 Jul 2026 PMID 42454810
- Towards a combined skin cancer treatment: the macrocyclic effect of pillar[5]arene containing 6-mercaptopurine fragments, integrated with an exfoliating serine protease and 5-fluorouracil. Bioorganic chemistry · 9 Jul 2026 PMID 42424925
- Plant-derived serine protease inhibitor peptides: in vitro antimicrobial and antiviral activities combined with in silico mechanistic insights. Archives of microbiology · 13 May 2026 PMID 42126587
- AI-driven discovery of an allosteric thrombin-targeting anticoagulant peptide from traditional Chinese medicine Dilong (Pheretima aspergillum). Journal of ethnopharmacology · 12 May 2026 PMID 42119865
Others — Inflammatory Injury Therapies (2)
- Why does local edema persist? Immunological mismatch between phospholipase A2 potency and antivenom affinity in Protobothrops mucrosquamatus envenomation. PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 3 Sept 2026 PMID 42691029
- Neuroprotective efficacy of Curcumae Rhizoma against ischemic stroke via attenuation of COX-2-mediated neuroinflammation: a systematic study predicting thrombin inhibition and highlighting alexandrin and hederagenin. Metabolic brain disease · 16 Jun 2026 PMID 42301551
By study type
Observational studies and case reports (2)
- Why does local edema persist? Immunological mismatch between phospholipase A2 potency and antivenom affinity in Protobothrops mucrosquamatus envenomation. PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 3 Sept 2026 PMID 42691029
- Abdominal Fat Measures Are Associated With Sex-Specific Prothrombotic Changes in Middle-Aged Adults. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology · 14 May 2026 PMID 42131917
Human data, design not indexed (2)
- Discovery of a Reversible Sub-Picomolar Thrombin Inhibitor Using DCC. Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 15 Jul 2026 PMID 42454810
- Programmable Fc-encoded DNA tile-cube capture enables a thrombin-activated ratiometric ECL/SERS biosensor via a PAM-engineered toehold switch and CRISPR/Cas12a cleavage. Analytica chimica acta · 4 Jun 2026 PMID 42242804
Preclinical: animal, cell and lab studies (6)
- Thrombin-conjugated cationic nanogels loaded with CpG enhance tumor vessel infarction by interpenetrating double gel network and immune activation. Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces · 10 Jul 2026 PMID 42431117
- Towards a combined skin cancer treatment: the macrocyclic effect of pillar[5]arene containing 6-mercaptopurine fragments, integrated with an exfoliating serine protease and 5-fluorouracil. Bioorganic chemistry · 9 Jul 2026 PMID 42424925
- Neuroprotective efficacy of Curcumae Rhizoma against ischemic stroke via attenuation of COX-2-mediated neuroinflammation: a systematic study predicting thrombin inhibition and highlighting alexandrin and hederagenin. Metabolic brain disease · 16 Jun 2026 PMID 42301551
- Thrombin-PAR1 signaling regulates Topoisomerase 1 activity to bridge inflammation and breast cancer progression. Cancer letters · 31 May 2026 PMID 42219057
- Plant-derived serine protease inhibitor peptides: in vitro antimicrobial and antiviral activities combined with in silico mechanistic insights. Archives of microbiology · 13 May 2026 PMID 42126587
- AI-driven discovery of an allosteric thrombin-targeting anticoagulant peptide from traditional Chinese medicine Dilong (Pheretima aspergillum). Journal of ethnopharmacology · 12 May 2026 PMID 42119865
Written from 10 PubMed abstracts, each one listed by PMID above. Published: 2026-06-15. Last written: 2026-07-29 by GPT. Drafted by language models from published abstracts; not medical advice.