Ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin is a second-generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic that acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) and topoisomerase IV, enzymes essential for DNA replication, transcription, and repair.
Ciprofloxacin is a second-generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic that acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) and topoisomerase IV, enzymes essential for DNA replication, transcription, and repair. By stabilizing the enzyme–DNA cleavage complex, ciprofloxacin induces lethal double-strand breaks in bacterial chromosomes, producing rapid bactericidal activity against a broad spectrum of Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and members of the Enterobacteriaceae family. Its oral bioavailability, tissue penetration, and well-characterized pharmacokinetic profile have made it one of the most widely used antibiotics in clinical and research settings worldwide.
Beyond its classical antibacterial role, ciprofloxacin has attracted growing interest as a pharmacological scaffold for hybrid drug design and as a combination partner in novel drug delivery platforms. Its inhibition of cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) underlies its best-established drug–drug interactions, raising plasma levels of methylxanthines such as theophylline and caffeine. Its inclusion as a standard reference comparator in antimicrobial susceptibility testing makes it a benchmark against which new antibacterial candidates are routinely evaluated, ensuring its continued centrality in both clinical practice and translational research.
Where the papers sit
12 papers from the last 6 months study ciprofloxacin directly · updated from PubMed 3 Oct 2026
Study type 0 clinical trials · 1 human data · 11 preclinical
Themes 3 themes
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Antibiotic Development and Delivery
Antibiotic development is linking controlled delivery, resistance surveillance and safer fluoroquinolone design. Cleavable and keratin hydrogels aim to sustain local treatment for wounds, while efflux-pump profiling defines bacterial responses to ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin. Degradable fluoroquinolones address environmental persistence, and infection models support preclinical testing against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The set converges on effective therapy with less resistance and ecological burden.
6 papers · 50%
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DNA Gyrase and SOS Responses
DNA gyrase inhibition remains the central route to antibacterial activity, spanning ciprofloxacin-induced DNA supercompaction and new candidate compounds. Docking, synthesis and testing against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa connect structural design with activity across hit strains. The recurring biology is damage to DNA topology and activation of the bacterial SOS response. Work is moving toward compounds that retain gyrase-directed activity while improving antibacterial breadth.
3 papers · 25%
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Ciprofloxacin Formulation and Delivery
Ciprofloxacin formulation work is focused on controlling dissolution, particle behavior and site-specific delivery. Thiolated gum ghatti nanoparticles target sustained ocular administration, while small-molecule analogues are used to inhibit precipitation and preserve supersaturation. X-ray diffraction, FTIR, zeta potential, particle size and crystallinity repeatedly define how formulation changes drug performance. The shared goal is more stable, bioavailable delivery rather than new antibacterial mechanisms.
3 papers · 25%
Papers
The 12 papers from the last 6 months that study ciprofloxacin directly, newest first, by theme and by study type. Study types come from PubMed publication types and MeSH headings.
By theme
Antibiotic Development and Delivery (6)
- Dual Release of Antibiotics with Additive Effect from Cleavable Hydrogels Based on Amino/Thiol-Yne Click Chemistry. Biomacromolecules · 14 Sept 2026 PMID 42734285
- Phenotypic and molecular detection of efflux pump and expression profiling genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae exposed to ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] · 2 Sept 2026 PMID 42684540
- Redefining Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics: Design and Synthesis of Degradable Fluoroquinolones to Reduce Environmental Persistence. ChemSusChem · 31 Aug 2026 PMID 42672120
- Antibiotic release from keratin hydrogels for use in wound healing applications. Biomedical materials (Bristol, England) · 8 Jul 2026 PMID 42419386
- Development and validation of a rabbit model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa hyperdynamic septic shock for preclinical drug development. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 15 Jun 2026 PMID 42295241
- Secondary Metabolites from Diaporthe eres SK3, an Endophytic Fungus of Sellaginella kraussiana Sw. Collected from the Northeast Indian Hills, Exhibits Potential in Vitro Bioactivities. Current microbiology · 22 May 2026 PMID 42171756
DNA Gyrase and SOS Responses (3)
- Exploring the genetic landscape of ciprofloxacin-induced DNA supercompaction in Escherichia coli. Nucleic acids research · 22 Jun 2026 PMID 42328795
- Design, Microwave-Assisted Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel 1,3-Thiazolidin-4-One Hybrids: Insights From DFT, Molecular Docking, and ADMET Profiling. Chemistry & biodiversity · 30 May 2026 PMID 42216860
- Assessment of the antimicrobial properties of novel azopyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives targeting DNA gyrase enzyme: design, synthesis, and molecular docking studies. Bioorganic chemistry · 23 Apr 2026 PMID 42025601
Ciprofloxacin Formulation and Delivery (3)
- Microwave-Assisted Green Synthesis of Bi2O3Nanoparticles Using Artocarpus heterophyllus (Jack Fruit) Peel Extract for Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Pharmaceutical Contaminants. Chemistry & biodiversity · 31 Aug 2026 PMID 42673106
- Nanoparticles of thiolated gum ghatti for the controlled ocular delivery of Ciprofloxacin. Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences · 1 Aug 2026 PMID 42541633
- Precipitation Inhibition by Small-Molecule Analogues To Sustain Drug Supersaturation. Molecular pharmaceutics · 28 Apr 2026 PMID 42046436
By study type
Human data, design not indexed (1)
- Phenotypic and molecular detection of efflux pump and expression profiling genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae exposed to ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] · 2 Sept 2026 PMID 42684540
Preclinical: animal, cell and lab studies (11)
- Dual Release of Antibiotics with Additive Effect from Cleavable Hydrogels Based on Amino/Thiol-Yne Click Chemistry. Biomacromolecules · 14 Sept 2026 PMID 42734285
- Microwave-Assisted Green Synthesis of Bi2O3Nanoparticles Using Artocarpus heterophyllus (Jack Fruit) Peel Extract for Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Pharmaceutical Contaminants. Chemistry & biodiversity · 31 Aug 2026 PMID 42673106
- Redefining Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics: Design and Synthesis of Degradable Fluoroquinolones to Reduce Environmental Persistence. ChemSusChem · 31 Aug 2026 PMID 42672120
- Nanoparticles of thiolated gum ghatti for the controlled ocular delivery of Ciprofloxacin. Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences · 1 Aug 2026 PMID 42541633
- Antibiotic release from keratin hydrogels for use in wound healing applications. Biomedical materials (Bristol, England) · 8 Jul 2026 PMID 42419386
- Exploring the genetic landscape of ciprofloxacin-induced DNA supercompaction in Escherichia coli. Nucleic acids research · 22 Jun 2026 PMID 42328795
- Development and validation of a rabbit model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa hyperdynamic septic shock for preclinical drug development. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 15 Jun 2026 PMID 42295241
- Design, Microwave-Assisted Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel 1,3-Thiazolidin-4-One Hybrids: Insights From DFT, Molecular Docking, and ADMET Profiling. Chemistry & biodiversity · 30 May 2026 PMID 42216860
- Secondary Metabolites from Diaporthe eres SK3, an Endophytic Fungus of Sellaginella kraussiana Sw. Collected from the Northeast Indian Hills, Exhibits Potential in Vitro Bioactivities. Current microbiology · 22 May 2026 PMID 42171756
- Precipitation Inhibition by Small-Molecule Analogues To Sustain Drug Supersaturation. Molecular pharmaceutics · 28 Apr 2026 PMID 42046436
- Assessment of the antimicrobial properties of novel azopyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives targeting DNA gyrase enzyme: design, synthesis, and molecular docking studies. Bioorganic chemistry · 23 Apr 2026 PMID 42025601
Written from 12 PubMed abstracts, each one listed by PMID above. Published: 2026-06-16. Last written: 2026-09-16 by GPT. Drafted by language models from published abstracts; not medical advice.